The impacts of salinity are examined in Garrett, Charles K. Long Range Salinity Impacts in the Tucson Basin (Prepared for Tucson Water. December 1992); Kleinman, A. and F. Brown, Colorado River Salinity: Economic Impacts on Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial Users (U.S. Department of Interior, Denver, 1980); Lohman, L., et al., Estimating the Economic Impacts of Salinity of the Colorado River (prepared for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Final Report, 1988); R. d'Arge and L. Eubanks, Municipal and Industrial Consequences of Salinity in the Colorado River Service Area of California, Salinity Management Options for the Colorado River, 1978; G.C. Ragan and others, Improved Estimates of Economic Damages from Residential Use of Mineralized Water (Completion Report No. 183 Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, August, 1993); Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers, Economic Effects of Mineral Content in Municipal Water Supplies (Research and Develo pme nt Progress Report No. 260, U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Saline Water, 1967); the California Department of Water Resources, Consumer Costs of Water Quality in Domestic Water Use - Lompoc Area, Los Angeles, 1978; and Farnham, D., Water Quality: Its Effects on Ornamental Plants (Leaflet 2995), University of California Cooperative Extension, 1985.

Treating water to reduce salinity is discussed in Thompson, M., M.R. Wiesner, G. P. Westerhoff and M. P. Robinson, Manual on Membrane Processes for Drinking Water Treatment, Malcolm Pirnie Technical Publication, November, 1991 and in M.S. McGuire and others Membrane Processing of Surface and Ground Waters for Human Consumption (by Central Arizona Project Water Quality Expert Panel), 16 January, 1995.

Taste

The following are just a few of many studies of taste in water. Bruvold, W., H. Ongerth and R. Dillehay, Consumer Assessment of Mineral Taste in Domestic Water. Journal American Water Works Association, 575-580, November, 1969 and Bruvold, W., and J. Daniels, Standards for Mineral Content in Drinking Water. Journal AWWA, February, 1990.

Home water treatment alternatives are discussed in WRRC Arroyo, "Consumers Increasingly Use Bottled Water, Home Water Treatment Systems to Avoid Direct Tap Water" (March 1996) and a pamphlet by SAWARA and the League of Women Voters, Home Water Treatment . Information on this subject is also available from the Arizona Water Quality Association (602) 947-9850.

Chapter 7: ROLES OF CITIZENS AND GOVERNMENT IN WATER POLICY

William E. Martin, Helen Ingram and others described the development of Tucson's water policies and problems in Saving Water In A Desert City, published in Washington, D.C. by Resources for the Future in 1984. A more recent analysis can be found in an article by Wilson, L.G., W.G. Matlock and K.L. Jacobs, Hydrologic Uncertainties and Policy Implications: The Water Consumer Protection Act of Tucson, Arizona, USA. (Hydrogeology Journal. Vol. 6, pp. 3-14. 1998). A summary of the City of Tucson's current water policies can be found in the City of Tucson's Mayor and Council Water Policies. Resolution No. 17929. Adopted January 26, 1998. For information about views of the Citizens Alliance for Water Security, email them at caws@techstar-online.com. Philip C. Metzger analyzed Tucson's water management in To Master A Thirsty Future: An Analysis of Water Management Efforts in Tucson, Arizona. (A Case Study Report from the Water Resources Program, The Conservation Foundation, May 1984. )

Ensuring Arizona's Water Quantity and Quality into the 21st Century contains a summary of laws pertaining to water quantity and water quality. This background report prepared by The University of Arizona for the 1997 Arizona Town Hall is available from the Arizona Town Hall office in Phoenix.

Discussions of the Groundwater Management Act and its implementation are discussed in "ADWR Developing Second Management Plan" (WRRC Arroyo Spring, 1987) and "The Groundwater Management Act: Saving Water and Developing Water Policy" (WRRC Arroyo Spring 1988). "Debate, Discussion Mark Ten-Year Anniversary of Arizona's Groundwater Management Act" (WRRC Arroyo October 1990); Robert J. Glennon's Because That's Where the Water Is': Retiring Current Water Uses to Achieve the Safe-Yield Objective of the Arizona Groundwater Management Act. Arizona Law Review 33:89 1991; State of Arizona Office of the Auditor General, Performance Audit of Arizona Department of Water Resources, Report No. 99-8, April 1999.

General information about the Colorado River Compact is in WRRC's August 1997 Arroyo, "Sharing Colorado River Water: History, Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact."

Some problems confronting small water systems are discussed in "Arizona's Small Water Systems Confront Questions, Uncertainties" (WRRC. Arroyo. October, 1991).

Regional water management is examined in "Regional Water Supply Agency, A New Arizona Water Policy Concept" (WRRC Arroyo, April, 1991).

Information about the Arizona Water Banking Authority is available from the AWBA Web site. The Central Arizona Water Conservation District (Central Arizona Project) and Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment District also have a Web site with current information.

A thorough discussion of Indian water rights issues can be found in Indian Water Rights: Negotiating the Future published in 1983 by Elizabeth Checchio and Bonnie Colby, available from the Department of Agricultural Economics, The University of Arizona. A shorter explanation can be found in "Settlement of Indian Water Rights, a Priority Issue" (December 1989 WRRC Arroyo).

STATUTES DEALING WITH WATER

Water Quantity

ARS (Arizona Revised Statutes) Title 45: Chapter 1 deals with surface water laws; Chapter 2 contains the Groundwater Code, including laws dealing with water rights, transportation of groundwater, wells and artificial recharge; Chapter 3 contains provisions for underground water storage; Chapter 8 contains flood control statutes and the remaining chapters deal with dams, irrigation districts and other matters.

Water Quality

The federal Clean Water Act is contained in 33 USC (United States Code) Chapter 26. This includes laws controlling NPDES permits, wastewater treatment discharges, and related activities.

43 USC contains the Safe Drinking Water Act. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 is in 42 U.S.C.4321-4347. CERCLA (or Superfund) is contained in 42 USC - 9601 et seq.

Information about EPA regulations and water quality standards is available from the EPA Web site www.epa.gov. This site also has a list of water providers in Pima County.

ARS Title 49 deals with environmental management, including water quality matters, with emphasis on groundwater protection. The Arizona Administrative Code, Title 18 Chapters 9 and 11 contains specific regulations under the statutes.