Chapter 2 (continued)
Table 2-6
SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS FOR
1,000,000 WEARINGS OF POLYESTER BLOUSESSource: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
Process Pollutants Fuel Related Pollutants Total Pollutants Atmospheric (lb) Particulates 20.75 525 545 Nitrogen Oxides 5.14 915 920 Hydrocarbons 82.11 469 551 Sulfur Oxides 14.35 1,377 1,391 Carbon Monoxide 44.47 272 317 Aldehydes 1.90 2.52 4.42 Methane - 1.89 1.89 Other Organics 13.74 10.09 23.83 Odorous Sulfur 0.098 - 0.098 Kerosene - 0.046 0.046 Ammonia 0.052 0.31 0.37 Hydrogen Fluoride 0.017 - 0.017 Antimony 3.6E-06 - 3.6E-06 Lead 0.019 0.0024 0.021 Mercury 5.3E-05 - 5.3E-05 Chlorine 0.82 - 0.82 Acetaldehyde 0.060 - 0.060 1,4-dioxane 0.0030 - 0.0030 Ethylene Glycol 0.060 - 0.060 Dowtherm 0.060 - 0.060 Sulfuric Acid 3.0E-05 - 3.0E-05 Waterborne (lb) Acid 0.59 112 112 Metal Ion - 27.99 27.99 Fluorides 8.5E-04 - 8.5E-04 Dissolved Solids 3,399 146 3,545 Suspended Solids 79.94 0.47 80.42 BOD 338 0.31 338 COD 550 0.87 551 Phenol 0.010 0.079 0.089 Sulfides 0.062 0.079 0.14 Oil 13.41 0.16 13.56 Sulfuric Acid - 0.97 0.97 Iron - 83.15 83.15 Cyanide - - - Alkalinity 0.43 - 0.43 Chromium 0.013 - 0.013 Aluminum - - - Nickel - - - Mercury 3.0E-07 - 3.0E-07 Lead - - - Phosphates 57.51 - 57.51 Phosphorus - - - Nitrogen 0.027 - 0.027 Zinc - - - Ammonia 1.73 - 1.73 Pesticides 1.1E-04 - 1.1E-04 Other Chemicals 0.39 - 0.39 Herbicides 2.3E-04 - 2.3E-04
Table 2-7 displays the atmospheric emissions and waterborne wastes for each phase of the polyester blouse system. Consistent with energy and solid waste results, laundering the blouses is also the main source of emissions. Particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and carbon monoxide are the main emissions in this phase. Fabric manufacture and PET resin manufacture have higher amounts of most of the atmospheric emissions than the other process steps. These are still very small compared to laundering.
As with the atmospheric emissions, the largest amount of waterborne effluents results from laundering. The main waterborne effluents in laundering include dissolved solids, BOD, COD, add, iron, and suspended solids. These effluents result from the generation of the electricity used to run the washer, dryer, and hot water heaters. PET resin manufacture, fabric manufacture, and apparel manufacture contribute significant amounts of certain waterborne effluents, but these are still very small compared to the laundering.
Summary of Results for Manufacturing One Polyester Blouse
The energy requirements for manufacturing one blouse are found in Table 2-8. Most of this energy is split between the PET resin manufacture and the fabric manufacture. All other steps use less than seven percent of the total energy. Seventy-five percent of the total energy required is process energy, while inherent energy accounts for 20 percent and transportation energy uses 5 percent.Table 2-9 contains the solid waste for manufacturing one blouse. By weight or volume, the fabric manufacture clearly produces more solid waste than any other process step at 44 percent of the total. The PET resin manufacture generates approximately 20 percent of the total solid waste by weight or volume. The PET fiber manufacturing and the packaging for the apparel also produce significant amounts.
The atmospheric emissions and waterborne effluents are displayed in Table 2-10. Although the laundering process has been deleted, the main atmospheric emissions are still particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and carbon monoxide. The releases are mainly from the PET resin manufacture and the fabric manufacture. The waterborne effluent is composed mostly of dissolved solids, suspended solids, COD, and alkalinity. Most of these effluents are produced by the fabric manufacturing step. The PET resin manufacture releases over 50 percent of the dissolved solids, and the apparel manufacture produces all of the alkalinity.
Table 2-7
ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS BY COMPONENT FOR 1,000,000 WEARINGS OF POLYTSTER BLOUSESSource Franklin Associates, Ltd.
PET Resin Manufacture Fiber Dye Manufacture Fabric Apparel Detergent Postconsumer Disposal
Manufacture Packaging Manufacture Packaging Production Packaging Manufacture Packaging Laundry Total Atmospheric (lb) Particulates 14.76 14.00 0.66 2.06 27.36 0.95 2.40 10.31 10.95 4.83 457 0.34 545 Nitrogen Oxides 34.80 12.78 0.76 2.99 56.24 1.00 14.99 10.52 11.54 5.29 768 1.60 920 Hydrocarbons 101 2.93 0.60 1.37 33.86 0.52 5.52 4.37 18.62 2.81 379 0.50 551 Sulfur Oxides 51.25 21.31 0.92 5.98 87.75 1.25 5.03 13.25 5.42 6.50 1,192 0.31 1,391 Carbon Monoxide 48.09 3.99 1.94 0.84 14.52 2.92 13.09 31.98 3.54 16.48 178 1.43 317 Carbon Dioxied 8,500
2,200 220 640 14,000 310 1,500 3,300 2,800 1,700 150,000 110 185,280 Aldehydes 1.83 0.13 0.064 0.0082 0.14 0.098 0.35 1.08 0.053 0.56 0.092 0.027 4.42 Methane 0.074 0.015 0.0011 0.0044 0.0088 0.0014 7.2E-04 0.014 0.048 0.0069 1.64 - 1.89 Other Organics 13.62 0.76 0.026 0.060 0.57 0.038 6.89 0.41 0.21 0.21 0.12 0.86 23.83 Odorous Sulfur - - 0.0033 - - 0.0050 - 0.055 0.0085 0.027 - - 0.098 Kerosene 9.8E-04 6.6E-04 1.6E-05 1.3E-04 0.0023 2.0E-05 3.5E-05 2.1E-04 1.3E-04 1.0E-04 0.041 - 0.046 Ammonia 0.096 0.0052 3.1E-04 0.0043 0.12 3.9E-04 0.024 0.0040 0.017 0.0021 0.092 0.0018 0.37 Hydrogen Fluoride - - - - - - - - 0.017 - - - 0.017 Antimony 3.6E-06 - - - - - - - - - - - 3.6E-06 Lead 4.3E-04 3.8E-05 6.8E-04 3.2E-05 9.0E-04 0.0010 1.8E-04 0.012 3.1E-05 0.0056 6.9E-04 1.4E-05 0.021 Mercury - - 2.3E-07 4.7E-05 - 3.5E-07 - 3.9E-06 - 1.9E-06 - - 5.3E-05 Chlorine - - 0.0020 0.40 - 0.0031 - 0.034 0.36 0.016 - - 0.82 Acetaldehyde 0.060 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.060 1,4-dioxane 0.0030 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.0030 Ethylene Glycol 0.060 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.060 Dowtherm 0.060 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.060 Sulfuric Acid 3.0E-05 - - - - - - - - - - - 3.0E-05 Waterborne (lb) Acid 2.57 1.73 0.069 0.81 5.62 0.093 0.098 0.99 0.34 0.48 99.59 9.2E-04 112 Metal Ion 0.65 0.43 0.016 0.085 1.42 0.022 0.027 0.23 0.084 0.11 24.91 4.6E-04 27.99 Fluorides - - - - - - - - 8.5E-04 - - - 8.5E-04 Dissolved Solids 40.14 1.53 0.14 1.01 26.98 0.16 4.81 1.52 127 0.84 3,341 0.37 3,545 Suspended Solids 2.14 0.0077 0.15 0.047 14.30 0.23 0.036 2.53 7.33 1.00 52.64 0.0028 80.42 BOD 1.54 0.035 0.092 0.018 8.97 0.14 0.024 1.51 0.11 0.55 325 0.0018 338 COD 22.08 0.10 0.0067 0.012 27.60 0.0035 0.065 0.17 0.37 0.011 500 0.0051 551 Phenol 0.015 0.0013 6.6E-05 0.0011 0.039 9.2E-05 0.0059 9.8E-04 0.0019 5.1E-04 0.023 4.6E-04 0.089 Sulfides 0.014 0.0013 6.2E-05 0.0011 0.091 8.6E-05 0.0059 9.2E-04 0.0023 4.1E-04 0.023 4.6E-04 0.14 Oil 0.39 0.0045 7.6E-04 0.0022 13.03 3.9E-04 0.0012 0.0019 0.070 0.0025 0.047 9.2E-04 13.56 Sulfuric Acid 0.021 0.015 3.5E-04 0.0027 0.049 4.3E-04 7.5E-04 0.0044 0.028 0.0021 0.87 7.9E-06 0.97 Iron 1.78 1.26 0.030 0.23 4.18 0.037 - 0.37 0.024 0.18 74.78 - 83.09 Cyanide - - - - - - - - - - - - - Alkalinity - - - - - - 0.064 - 0.043 - - - 0.49 Chromium 0.0012 2.4E-06 4.6E-07 - 0.012 1.6E-07 - - 8.9E-05 1.1E-06 - - 0.013 Aluminum - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nickel - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mercury - - 1.3E-09 2.7E-07 - 2.0E-09 - 2.2E-08 - 1.0E-08 - - 3.0E-07 Lead - - - - - - - - - - - - - Phosphates - - 2.8E-04 - - 4.3E-04 - 0.0047 - 8.1E-04 57.50 - 57.51 Phosphorus - - - - - - - - - - - - - Nitrogen - - 0.0012 - - 0.0019 - 0.0020 - 0.0035 - - 0.027 Zinc - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ammonia 1.73 1.5E-05 1.7E-05 - - 2.2E-05 - 2.3E-04 4.1E-04 1.1E-04 - - 1.73 Pesticides - - 5.1E-06 - - 7.9E-06 - 8.7E-05 - 1.5E-05 - - 1.1E-04 Other Chemicals 0.39 - - - - - - - - - - - 0.39 Herbicides - - 1.0E-05 - - 1.6E-05 - 1.7E-04 - 2.9E-05 - - 2.3E-04
Table 2-8
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ONE POLYESTER BLOUSESource: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
Process Energy Transportation Energy Energy of Material Resource Total Energy
Btu % of total Btu % of total Btu % of total Btu % of total PET Resin Manufacture 2559.9 21.8 59.1 0.5 2343.6 20.0 4962.6 42.3 PET Fiber Manufacture 688.5 5.9 43.2 0.4 9.7 0.1 741.5 6.3 Packaging 54.3 0.5 1.6 0.0 8.4 0.1 64.3 0.5 Dye Manufacture 201.8 1.7 4.7 0.0 - - 206.5 1.8 Fabric Manufacture 4,414.3 37.7 26.7 0.2 - - 4441.0 37.9 Packaging 74.1 0.6 2.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 78.9 0.7 Apparel Production 33.2 0.3 389.0 3.3 - - 422.2 3.6 Packaging 786.0 6.7 21.1 0.2 - - 807.1 6.9 Total 8,812.1 75.2 547.4 4.7 2364.6 20.2 11,724.2 100.0
Table 2-9
SOLID WASTES FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ONE POLYESTER BLOUSESource: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
Industrial
Process Wastes Fuel Wastes Total Ind. Wastes Postconsumer Wastes Total Wastes
(lb) (cu ft) (lb) (cu ft) (lb) (cu ft) (lb) (cu ft) (lb) (cu ft) PET Resin Manufacture 1.2E-03 2.4E-05 0.018 3.6E-04 0.019 3.8E-04 - - 0.019 3.8E-04 PET Fiber Manufacture 1.0E-03 6.2E-05 0.012 2.3E-04 0.013 2.9E-04 - - 0.013 2.9E-04 Packaging 1.7E-04 3.3E-06 5.4E-04 1.1E-05 7.1E-04 1.4E-05 - - 7.1E-04 1.4E-05 Dye Manufacture 6.1E-04 1.2E-05 2.3E-03 4.5E-05 2.9E-03 5.8E-05 - - 2.9E-03 5.8E-05 Fabric Manufacture 1.2E-03 7.5E-05 0.038 7.6E-04 0.039 8.4E-04 - - 0.039 8.4E-04 Packaging 2.5E-04 1.6E-05 7.5E-04 1.5E-05 1.0E-03 3.1E-05 - - 1.0E-03 3.1E-05 Apparel Production 1.2E-03 7.4E-05 6.6E-04 1.3E-05 1.9E-03 8.8E-05 - - 1.9E-03 8.8E-05 Packaging 2.8E-03 5.5E-05 7.9E-03 1.6E-04 0.011 2.1E-04 - - 0.011 2.1E-04 Total 8.4E-03 3.2E-04 0.080 0.002 0.088 0.002 - - 0.088 1.9E-03
Table 2-10
ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS BY COMPONENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ONE POLYESTER BLOUSESource: Franklin Associates, Ltd.
PET Resin Manufacture Fiber Dye Manufacture Fabric Apparel
Manufacture Packaging Manufacture Packaging Production Packaging Total Atmospheric (lb) Particulates 5.9E-04 5.6E-04 2.6E-05 8.2E-05 0.0011 3.8E-05 9.6E-05 4.1E-04 0.0029 Nitrogen Oxides 0.0014 5.1E-04 3.0E-05 1.2E-04 0.0022 4.0E-05 6.0E-04 4.2E-04 0.0054 Hydrocarbons 0.0040 1.2E-04 2.4E-05 5.5E-05 0.0014 2.1E-05 2.2E-04 1.8E-04 0.0060 Sulfur Oxides 0.0021 8.5E-04 3.7E-05 2.4E-04 0.0035 5.0E-05 2.0E-04 5.3E-04 0.0075 Carbon Monoxide 0.0019 1.6E-04 7.7E-05 3.4E-05 5.8E-04 1.2E-04 5.2E-04 0.0013 0.0047 Carbon Dioxied 0.34 0.088 0.0088 0.026 0.57 0.012 0.059 0.13 1.2 Aldehydes 7.3E-05 5.2E-06 2.6E-06 3.3E-07 5.7E-06 3.9E-06 1.4E-05 4.3E-05 1.3E-04 Methane 2.9E-06 6.1E-07 4.6E-08 1.7E-07 3.5E-05 5.4E-08 2.9E-06 5.5E-07 7.9E-06 Other Organics 5.5E-04 3.1E-05 1.1E-06 2.4E-06 2.3E-05 1.5E-06 2.8E-04 1.7E-05 9.0E-04 Odorous Sulfur - - 1.3E-07 - - 2.0E-07 - 2.2E-06 2.5E-06 Kerosene 3.9E-08 2.8E-08 6.5E-10 5.0E-09 9.2E-08 8.1E-10 1.4E-09 8.2E-09 1.7E-07 Ammonia 3.8E-06 2.1E-07 1.5E-08 1.7E-07 4.8E-06 1.6E-08 9.5E-07 1.6E-07 1.0E-05 Hydrogen Fluoride - - - - - - - - - Antimony 1.4E-10 - - - - - - - 1.4E-10 Lead 1.7E-08 1.5E-09 2.7E-08 1.3E-09 3.6E-08 4.2E-08 7.1E-09 4.6E-07 5.9E-07 Mercury - - 9.2E-12 1.9E-09 - 1.4E-11 - 1.5E-10 2.0E-09 Chlorine - - 8.2E-08 1.6E-05 - 1.2E-07 - 1.4E-06 1.8E-05 Acetaldehyde 2.4E-06 - - - - - - - 2.4E-06 1,4-dioxane 1.2E-07 - - - - - - - 1.2E-07 Ethylene Glycol 2.4E-06 - - - - - - - 2.4E-06 Dowtherm 2.4E-06 - - - - - - - 2.4E-06 Sulfuric Acid 1.2E-09 - - - - - - - 1.2E-09 Waterborne (lb) Acid 1.0E-04 6.9E-05 2.7E-06 3.3E-05 2.2E-04 3.7E-06 3.9E-06 3.9E-05 4.8E-04 Metal Ion 2.6E-05 1.7E-05 6.4E-07 3.4E-06 5.7E-05 8.7E-07 1.1E-06 9.2E-06 1.2E-04 Fluorides - - - - - - - - - Dissolved Solids 0.0016 6.1E-05 5.8E-06 4.1E-05 0.0011 6.3E-06 1.9E-04 6.1E-05 0.0031 Suspended Solids 8.6E-05 3.1E-07 6.1E-06 1.9E-06 5.7E-04 9.2E-06 1.4E-06 1.0E-04 7.8E-04 BOD 6.1E-05 1.4E-06 3.7E-06 7.2E-07 3.6E-04 5.5E-06 9.5E-07 6.0E-05 4.9E-04 COD 8.8E-04 4.2E-06 2.7E-07 4.7E-07 0.0011 1.4E-07 2.6E-06 6.7E-07 0.0020 Phenol 5.8E-07 5.0E-08 2.6E-09 4.3E-08 1.6E-06 3.7E-09 2.4E-07 3.9E-06 2.5E-06 Sulfides 5.8E-07 5.0E-08 2.5E-09 4.3E-08 3.6E-06 3.5E-09 2.4E-07 3.7E-06 4.6E-06 Oil 1.6E-05 1.8E-07 3.1E-08 8.6E-08 5.2E-04 1.6E-06 4.7E-07 7.4E06 5.4E-04 Sulfuric Acid 8.3E-07 5.9E-07 1.4E-08 1.1E-07 1.9E-06 1.7E-08 3.0E-06 1.8E-07 3.7E-06 Iron 7.1E-05 5.0E-05 1.2E-06 9.2E-06 1.7E-04 1.5E-06 2.6E-06 1.5E-05 3.2E-04 Cyanide - - - - - - - - - Alkalinity - - - - - - 0.064 - 0.064 Chromium 4.9E-08 9.5E-11 1.8E-11 - 4.8E-07 6.2E-12 - - 5.3E-07 Aluminum - - - - - - - - - Nickel - - - - - - - - - Mercury - - 5.3E-14 1.1E-11 - 8.0E-14 - 8.9E-13 1.2E-11 Lead - - - - - - - - - Phosphates - - 1.1E-08 - - 1.7E-08 - 1.9E-07 2.2E-07 Phosphorus - - - - - - - - - Nitrogen - - 4.9E-08 - - 7.4E-08 - 8.2E-07 9.4E-07 Zinc - - - - - - - - - Ammonia 6.9E-05 6.2E-10 6.7E-10 - - 8.8E-10 - 9.3E-09 6.9E-05 Pesticides - - 2.1E-10 - - 3.1E-10 - 3.5E-09 4.0E-09 Other Chemicals 1.6E-05 - - - - - - - 1.6E-05 Herbicides - - 4.1E-10 - - 6.3E-10 - 6.9E-09 8.0E-09
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