Dr. Neil Kirkpatrick, Stephanie Adda, Dr. David Dowdell, Dominique Laurent and Rachel Noel

Ecobalance UK (The Ecobilan Group)
Old Bank House
1 High Street
Arundel, West Sussex
BN18 9AD, United Kingdom

David Smith, Emma Doyle, Lydia Richardson, Miranda MacKay and Tamar Bello

Dames & Moore
St. Georges House
St. Georges Road
Wimbledon, London
SW19 4DR, United Kingdom

The study was commissioned by the United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to:

• inform UK government of the impacts of the proposal for a European Directive on Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment on the UK (proposed WEEE Directive).
• identify the net environmental 'benefits' and 'costs' of the collection, the reuse/recycling of a range of electrical and electronic products and the pre-treatment of components containing certain hazardous substances.
• estimate the financial costs (net of the revenue gained from the sale of the recyclate or refurbished item) of these requirements to businesses, charities and local authorities.

Eight products were selected for consideration in this study: personal computers, washing machines, refrigerators, televisions, telephones, vacuum cleaners, lawnmowers and kettles. For each product, the following scenarios were modeled:

• The current situation in the UK;
• A hypothetical 100% landfilling scenario;
• The Commission's second draft of the proposed European Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment.

In the case of the latter, a further analysis was undertaken to assesses the relative effects of the following scenarios:

• 100% recycling;
• 50% recycling and 50% refurbishment;
• 100% refurbishment.

Sensitivity analyses were carried out to address points of interest for individual products, where applicable.

In this paper, the methodology employed and the results obtained will be described. The advantages of an integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Financial Analysis methodology will also be discussed from both the business and Government perspectives as well as the contribution made by this approach to the debate concerning sustainable development.

B. Tod Delaney, Ph.D., P.E.
James D. Heeren, P.E.

First Environment, Inc.
90 Riverdale Road, Riverdale, NJ 07457
E-mail: JDH@firstenvironment.com

The generation of a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is the most appropriate way to calculate GHG emissions. The inventory process can be used to quantify all emissions from a facility. For project costing purposes, these can be converted into standard emission units of carbon on a yearly basis which using market value estimates can be translated into a net present value. This value can be used in making strategic business decisions such as selection of siting and technology options; evaluation of contract agreements regarding GHG emissions; and, evaluation of an individual country's GHG strategy.

An LCI was recently conducted for the newly patented technology "One Furnace, Two Functions", in which an additive allows a power plant to also function as cement plant. Through the addition of ash modification components (AMC) to pulverized coal fuel, the resulting ash becomes high strength cement clinker. The AMC also improves combustion and reduces sulphur emissions. As such, a low emission power plant also functions as a cement kiln. In order to more fully evaluate the benefits of this combined technology, especially with respect to emissions, the LCI was conducted to compare the emissions of the "One Furnace, Two Functions" technology with that of traditional coal-fired power plants and cement plants. Life Cycle Inventories were prepared, with the aid of publicly available LCI data, for each process conducted separately and together as "One Furnace, Two Functions". The subsequent comparison demonstrates the potential net emission reduction which can be expected from the "One Furnace, Two Functions" technology. This substantial emission credit is a valuable business asset, which may impact the organization's decision to pursue development of the technology.

A. Faustmann, V. Lutze, J. Marx-Gómez, C. Rautenstrauch

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
Institute for Technical and Business Information Systems
P.O.Box 4120
D-39016 Magdeburg
Germany
Phone: +49 (391) 67 18068
FAX: +49 (391) 67 11216
E-mail: gomez@iti.cs.uni-magdeburg.de

The German brewery "Hasseroeder Brauerei GmbH" located in Wernigerode is a one-product company and produces exclusively beer of the brand "Hasseroeder Premium Pils". The company has decided to prevent, decrease and possibly to eliminate the environmental pollution resulting from industrial activities. Requirements and claims regarding environmental control are resulting from regulations by severe rules of government authorities and the continuously increasing sensitisation of the German population concerning environmental topics. The objective of the eco-balance at Hasseroeder brewery is to carry out a first comprehensive inventory and an evaluation of environmentally relevant activities. Based on the results of the obtained eco-balance an environmental management system (EMS) should be introduced. At the end of the described project the Hasseroeder brewery will receive the certificate according to EC regulation 1836/93 which is equivalent to ISO 14001.

The approach to represent material and energy flows of such a complex production system employs the use of material flow networks (MFNs). The modelling of the material flow net, the preparation and evaluation of the eco-balance has been conducted with the aid of the software tool Umberto 3.1. It is a versatile and flexible software tool for life cycle assessment (LCA) and eco-balancing based on the unique method of material flow networks. After specifying and entering the appropriate data from the production process it is possible to generate automatically detailed material and energy balances. The obtained balances are related to the whole net or can be applied for specific sub-nets. The evaluation occurs according to different assessment methods and valuation procedures provided by Umberto.

Ed Price

3M
Corporate Product Responsibility
3M Center, Bldg. 290-04-01
St Paul, MN 55144
Phone: 651-733-5342
FAX: 651-736-9278
E-mail: eeprice@mmm.com

Donald Coy

3M
Corporate Product Responsibility
3M Center, Bldg. 290-04-01
St Paul, MN 55144
Phone: 651-736-0641
FAX: 651-736-9278
E-mail: drcoy@mmm.com

Sheldon Lande

3M
Corporate Product Responsibility
3M Center, Bldg. 290-04-01
St Paul, MN 55144
Phone: 651-736-0987
FAX: 651-736-9278
E-mail: sslande@mmm.com

Barry Langer

SAIC
411 Hackensack Avenue
Hackensack, NJ 07601
Phone: 201-498-7346
FAX: 201-489-1592
E-mail: langerb@saic.com

The PESHE process must be started at the earliest phases of the acquisition process and evaluate all aspects of the program including manufacturing, O&M and demilitarization. The PESHE process is designed to continue and evolve throughout the system's life-cycle, and must be modified if a weapon system is modified, and updated when new technologies are developed related to the weapon system .

A PESHE evaluation includes the following specific ESH areas:

• NEPA
• Environmental regulatory compliance
• System safety and health
• Hazardous materials
• Pollution prevention

The purpose of this paper will be to present a detailed analysis of DoD's PESHE process, and its advantages in reducing hazardous material usage, waste generation, life-cycle costs, and overall environmental risk.

Vince Camobreco

Ecobalance, Inc.
7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 700
Bethesda, MD 20814
Phone: 301-657-5943
FAX: 301-657-5948
E-mail: vincent_camobreco@ecobalance.dames.com

Robert Ham

Solid & Hazardous Waste Engineering
N1983 Morter Road
Lodi, WI 53555
Phone: 608-592-2255
FAX: 608-592-2256
E-mail: mailto:rkham@facstaff.wisc.edu

Morton Barlaz

North Carolina State University
Box 708, Mann Hall
Raleigh, NC 27695-7908
Phone: 919-515-7676
FAX: 919-515-7908
E-mail: barlaz@unity.ncsu.edu

Ed Repa

Environmental Research and Education Foundation
4301 Connecticut Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20008
Phone: 202-364-3773
FAX: 202-364-3792
E-mail: erepa@envasns.org

Marty Felker

Materials Processing, Inc.
124 North Prospect Ave.
Bartlett, IL 60103
Phone: 630-540-0460
FAX: 630-540-0461
E-mail: mfelker124@aol.com

Caroline Rousseau

SITA
94, rue de Provence
BP 693-09 - 75425 Paris France
Phone: (33) 1 53.21.21.96
FAX: (33) 1 53.21.22.14
E-mail: cro@sita.fr

Jerome Rathle

CREED
Zone Portuaire de Limay - 291
Avenue Dreyfous Ducas
78520 Limay France

The project assesses the environmental impact of landfills over their entire life cycle including long term gas and leachate production and treatment. It includes a landfill life cycle model that involves all processes related to the landfill (construction, transportation and processing of the waste, management, closure, and post-closure care). The LCI model includes over 100 model input parameters used in defining the landfill LCI. The project also involved developing a decomposition model including a multimedia decomposition landfill model (air emissions, water effluents, and ultimate waste). Over 250 model input parameters are used to define landfill gas and leachate production and treatment. The models were incorporated into a user friendly software that allows users to test the influence of changing input parameter values.

The landfill LCI model was based on landfilling one average ton of residential MSW. However, the software has the ability to report the LCI of the individual components of the MSW. For example, the model can determine how much landfill gas emissions were attributable to only paper in the waste landfilled. In this way the LCI results for landfilling a ton of waste are allocated to the different waste components. The ability of the software to adjust the landfill profile for different waste compositions allows the user to look at the effects of changing waste compositions based on their local condition or from waste management strategies such as source reduction or recycling. The software can also define best control and management options for MSW landfills by providing benchmark emission calculations from U.S. and European landfills.

The paper will present the emissions and resource consumption associated with a modern MSW landfill. The paper will also demonstrate how the model and software can be used to assess the importance of (1) the various stages in the life cycle system, (2) the time horizon selected, and (3) the air and water management techniques selected.