Compared to conventional "hummers," the Hybrid-Electric HMMWV is faster, quieter, more fuel efficient, and can carry more.

Navy Hydrodynamic Technologies

The U.S. Navy is a recognized leader in the development of hydrodynamic technologies for improved ship power and fuel savings. Stern flap and bulbous bow are two technologies that have demonstrated cost and fuel savings. The application of the stern flap to naval destroyers is a recent innovation. The stern flap originated from stern, or transom, wedge research conducted in the 1980s. Stern wedges or flaps have been installed on naval destroyers to create a vertical lift at the transom and to modify the distribution of pressure on the after portion of the hull. The Navy reports better fuel efficiency, higher top speed, and reduced emissions. The cost of implementation, $170,000, can be recouped within approximately one to two years.

The Navy also found that refitting a bulbous bow on a DDG-51 Class Destroyer results in tremendous fuel savings from reduced ship resistance. Although the original funding for this project was $3.4 million, savings for 50 ships in the DDG-51 Class are estimated at $200 million. The bulbous bow concept has been well received, and as a result of the great potential for cost savings, bow designs for future ships are being reexamined. The success of the bulbous bow retrofit has resulted in the Navy aggressively pursuing spin-off technologies with the potential for similar fuel savings.

USS Bonhomme Richard

The U.S. Navy is strongly committed to effective energy management. Aboard the USS Bonhomme Richard, the ship’s Energy Conservation Manager pursues energy conservation by making it an "all hands" effort. Throughout 1999, personnel were encouraged to improvise and seek creative ways to improve good engineering practices while steaming the propulsion plant more efficiently. While at anchor and periodically underway, the ship steamed with one boiler in operation, conserving nearly 25 percent of the fuel typically consumed during these types of operations. The Navy also implemented standard operating procedures to secure standby equipment at the earliest opportunity after special operations, resulting in increased fuel savings and reduced electrical demand.

Innovative Propulsion Systems

Initiated in 1988, DoD’s Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Technology (IHPTET) Program is an effort to increase propulsion capability for airplanes, helicopters, and other tactical military equipment. The use of these technologies decreases the amount of fuel burned and lowers costs and emissions. IHPTET’s objectives are being accomplished through a combination of decreased specific fuel consumption and lighter engine weight. DoD’s efforts are applicable across the full spectrum of gas turbine engine applications, including turbofan/turbojet, turboprop/turboshaft, and expendable engines. The Program combines the expertise of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); the Defense Advanced Project Research Agency; and industry. The IHPTET Program could help DoD achieve significant reductions in energy usage.

The goal of IHPTET is to double propulsion system capability, reducing fuel consumption by 40 percent and reducing production and maintenance costs by 35 percent. A key feature of these turbine engines is the reduction of fuel consumption in components through improved efficiency and compression system pressure ratios. For example, the effective application of ceramic composite materials technology can eliminate the need for active turbine cooling, thus increasing overall engine performance while simultaneously reducing turbine weight by more than 50 percent—resulting in substantial fuel savings derived from reduced weapon system weight.

The goals that DoD has set are increasingly aggressive. There are three phases of the IHPTET Program: Phase I was completed in 1991, Phase II was completed in 2000, and Phase III is scheduled for completion in 2005.

By combining the synergistic effects of advanced materials development, innovative structural designs, and improved aerothermodynamics, the IHPTET Program will be applied to alternative engine designs to improve performance, decrease fuel consumption, and increase engine operability.

          IHPTET GOALS

Propulsion System Applications*	Capability Improvements By 2005
Turbo Fan/Turbo Jet (Baseline: YF-22 Raptor engine)    Engine Thrust to Weight Ratio    Engine Fuel Burn	+100% - 40%
Turbo Prop/Turbo Shaft (Baseline: AH 64 Apache engine)    Power to Weight Ratio    Specific Fuel Consumption	+120% - 40%
Expendable Engine (Baseline: Tomahawk engine)    Thrust to Air Flow    Specific Fuel Consumption    Unit Cost	+100% - 40% - 60%

* Improvements are measured against 1987 state-of-the-art technology baselines.

Alternative Fuel and Electric Vehicles

Fossil fuels emit GHGs, degrading air quality. As technology advances, alternative fuel sources such as biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, natural gas, and fuel cells are becoming valid substitutes. DoD is moving towards a vehicle fleet, including both tactical and non-tactical vehicles, increasingly powered by alternative fuels. The Department owns 10,000 alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs)—one of the largest fleets in the world. DoD is demonstrating the ability for an organization to incorporate the use of these vehicles while maintaining performance and efficiency.

The F-117 stealth fighter sits between alternative fuel vehicles at McClellan Air Force Base, California. All three vehicles have something in common—they all use "composite" versus traditional metal materials in their construction, making them lighter and more energy efficient.

Improving Energy Efficiency at DoD Facilities

DoD recognizes that conserving energy not only saves money, but results in substantial environmental benefits. DoD is on track to reach the goal of a 35 percent reduction in facility energy use by 2010. Energy conservation efforts are reducing the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases.

The metric DoD uses to measure progress each year is energy per square foot of buildings and facilities. In FY99, the Department used 108,565 British thermal units (Btus) per gross square foot, a reduction of 20 percent compared to the FY85 baseline.

DoD is aggressively pursuing lifecycle initiatives that will provide additional energy reductions while still meeting mission requirements. The Department has an active program to identify and procure energy efficient and environmentally preferable products. In FY99, DoD greatly increased the use of Energy Savings Performance Contracts and utility incentive agreements—saving nearly 1.7 trillion Btus per year. DoD also employs the principles of sustainable design to ensure that its new facilities minimize the use of resources and reduce harmful effects on the environment. The following stories illustrate the many successes DoD has had and the goals the Department is working toward for the future.

Federal and DoD Facility Energy Use Reductions

Fort Hood, Texas

Fort Hood, Texas, is the U.S. Army’s premier installation for training and deploying heavy forces and has made great strides toward improving energy efficiency. Fort Hood’s Pollution Prevention Program is designed to improve cost savings and decrease emissions by preventing generation of solid waste, wastewater, and air emissions through source reduction, reuse, and recycling.

Fort Hood installed a parking lot solar lighting and an active daylighting system. The active daylighting system virtually eliminates all daytime electric lighting, equaling more than 1.4 billion Btus of renewable energy. In the future, each unit is expected to generate power equivalent to 600 to 800 fluorescent light bulbs, saving almost $20,000 each year. Just two panels of the parking lot solar lighting system produce 800 kilowatt hours (kWhs) per year, eliminating more than one ton of emissions. Combined, the two projects have saved approximately 2.5 billion Btus and $103,000. Fort Hood also installed vapor recovery systems on fuel tanks.

Fort Hood uses compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel for administrative vehicles. Although Fort Hood’s primary goal in using CNG is air pollution reduction, CNG is also an average of eight cents less than an equivalent gallon of gasoline. Conversion to CNG requires a one-time modification to the vehicles to allow for dual-fuel operation, plus construction of a new refueling station. Fort Hood only orders new administrative vehicles that have dual-fuel capacity. By the end of 1999, nearly 30 percent of Fort Hood’s vehicles had this capacity.

By being among the first to use new technologies in pollution prevention, Fort Hood’s challenge is to go beyond compliance and consistently develop and incorporate new technologies into base life. Many of the technologies are transferable and, by sharing ideas and methodologies, Fort Hood has made it easier for other installations to practice environmental stewardship.

Fort Hood is committed to supporting the Army’s environmental vision while carrying out the mission of national defense. By making the Army s environmental strategy part of daily business, Fort Hood has become a leader in the effort for environmental stewardship.

Solar and Other Renewable Energy Sources

Cost-effective application of solar and other renewable energy sources is an important priority for DoD. The "Million Solar Roofs Initiative" is a commitment to use renewable solar energy wherever it makes sound economic sense. DoD’s plans include using over 3,000 solar applications on buildings by FY00, and 1,000 applications of photovoltaic technology on non-building systems.

• Moanalua Terrace at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, installed solar hot water heaters in 136 units of military family housing, and plans to install them in 516 additional units. DoD also installed photovoltaic applications at many test and training ranges in remote locations where utility power was not available. These were previously powered by diesel generators, costing as much as $2.00 per kWh. Photovoltaic power, by comparison, costs from $0.25 to $0.35 per kWh.

• The Navy’s China Lake Energy Office, California, installed three unique photovoltaic projects on Santa Cruz Island, 8.5 miles from the mountaintop facility. These projects include a photovoltaic array that provides 139 kilowatts to a battery bank capable of holding 2.4 million watt hours. Another project is a water pump, powered by energy from the photovoltaic application, which provides water from 1,500 feet below the surface to the installation. In the initial year of the projects, the Navy saved $400,000 and expects to continue saving.

• The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren, Virginia, installed state-of-the-art evacuated tube collector solar water heating systems on three buildings. The systems provide hot water to approximately 121 people and save 192 million Btus per year. The Center also funded and installed the largest photovoltaic lighting system for a parking lot in the Navy, saving the facility 112 million Btus per year.

• Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, reduced its energy consumption by 21 percent compared to the 1985 baseline. In FY99, solar-powered lights were installed at numerous locations on the Depot. The project has a payback on investment of 1.1 years. Solar panel systems at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, save up to 3.8 billion Btus per year. Three solar panel systems for heating water in barracks at Marine Corps Base Twenty-Nine Palms, California, save approximately 2.75 billion Btus per year.

• To reduce the use of diesel fuel and prevent harmful emissions, the Naval facility on San Clemente Island, California, installed three 225-kilowatt wind turbines. From February 1998 to April 2000, the turbines produced two million kWhs, approximately 13 percent of the island’s total electricity needs. In FY99, the turbines helped the installation decrease consumption of 141,757 gallons of No. 2 diesel fuel, and avoided 18,450 pounds of carbon monoxide emissions. In the future, the turbines should provide 15 percent or more of the island’s electricity, further reducing diesel fuel use and emissions. The Air Force also maintains a windfarm and photovoltaic systems at Ascension Island, which reduce greenhouse gases by 2.9 million pounds of carbon dioxide per year and 103,000 pounds of nitrous oxides per year.

Eliminating the Use of Ozone Depleting Substances

"DoD and its people have won more EPA awards for protecting the ozone layer than any other organization in the world…Leadership and technological innovation are at the heart of our success. We believe the very same leadership and technological innovation will help us meet the current worldwide challenge to combat global climate change."

Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Environmental Security)

DoD has made it a priority to reduce the use and emissions of ODS. These reductions are accomplished through the use of "environmentally friendly" alternatives to ODS and emissions controls where applicable. ODS destroy the strato-spheric ozone layer that shields Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation and can contribute to climate change through global warming.

• The U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, installed a data acquisition monitoring system in the installation’s central power plant. This system helps comply with air quality standards through computerized emission measurements. In 1998, the installation eliminated 1,090 tons of CFCs and 100 pounds of halon from use, with the goal of completely eliminating the use of these chemicals by 2003. The installation also eliminated the use of chlorine gas and water leaks totaling 200,000 gallons daily. These initiatives save over $124,000 annually.

• Patrick Air Force Base in Florida developed a pollution prevention program that reduced the base’s use of 17 EPA hazardous chemicals by 67 percent. The installation also reduced the use of ODS by 81 percent and pesticides by 68 percent.

• McChord Air Force Base, Washington, was recognized with two awards in 1997 for using affirmative procurement: the White House Closing the Circle award and Vice President Al Gore’s Hammer award. McChord identified and implemented material substitution across the installation, resulting in an 89 percent reduction in ODS emitted in 1999.

• Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, achieved an 80 percent reduction in ODS emissions, a 75 percent reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, a 42 percent reduction in carbon monoxide emissions, and a 39 percent reduction in sulfur dioxide emissions. The National Pollution Prevention Roundtable recognized Dyess as one of four recipients of their first annual Most Valuable Pollution Prevention Award.

• Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, reduced ODS emissions by 99 percent and chemicals on EPA’s list of the 17 most hazardous chemicals by 89 percent from the 1992 baseline. The installation virtually eliminated methylene chloride use in paint stripping operations, resulting in annual savings of $790,000 for C-141 aircraft alone. Robins also implemented an ultraviolet light disinfection system at the sewage treatment plant, eliminating the use of 8,000 pounds of chlorine annually.

• The newest and largest unmanned space booster used by the U.S. Air Force, Titan IV, provides heavy lift capability to deliver the nation’s highest priority satellites into orbit from Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida, and Vandenburg Air Force Base, California. The Titan IV Program Ozone Depleting Substance Reduction Team reduced ODS use associated with the design, production, and launch preparation of large solid rocket motors by more than 99 percent from the original baseline of 1,330 metric ton equivalent of ODS.

• The Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Carderock Division, has been responsible for achievements in ozone-friendly air conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) technology. NSWC’s Annapolis and Philadelphia detachments established a program for the conversion of 435 AC&R systems aboard Navy ships, replacing an installed charge of more than 45 tons of ozone-depleting refrigerant with non-ozone depleting gas. The result has been the conversion of more than 150 "CFC-12-Free" ships around the world. The U.S. Navy has been recognized by the U.S. EPA for this accomplishment with an award for stratospheric ozone protection.

• The Naval Sea Systems Command has implemented construction design standards on the Navy’s newest ships—the amphibious transport dock (LPD-17), the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan, and the New Attack Submarine—that will provide ozone-friendly ships for the 21st century. To eliminate the use of CFCs, the LPD-17 design employs high-efficiency centrifugal compressor AC plants and new fine water-mist systems that protect propulsion machinery spaces. The New Attack Submarine includes AC&R systems, galley equipment systems, and maintenance and construction materials built without CFCs. These ozone-friendly technologies are available to foreign militaries and commercial industry around the world.