APPENDIX 1

COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED SINCE 1993 IN EFFLUENT FROM MILLS EMPLOYING ECF BLEACHING

Compounds listed in this Appendix were first reported in the literature subsequent to the previous review and risk assessment in 1993 by Solomon et al.Most of the compounds are either nonchloronated or have low degrees of chloronation and are expected to be readily biodegradable. Many of the compounds were detected in studies of volatiles originating in the bleach plant (Juuti et al.,1996; NCASI, 1994b) and have chemical structures which suggest they may originate from sources other than pulp. The chlorocymenes, chloronaphthalenes and chlororetenes were reported in final mill effluent after biological treatment. Since bleaching effluent from these mills was not analyzed, it is not known whether these compounds were formed during bleaching or whether they originate from historical deposits in lagoon sediment (see Section 2.4).

LITERATURE CITED IN APPENDIX 1

Juuti, S., T. Vartiainen, P. Joutsenoja and J. Ruuskanen. 1996. Volatile organochlorine compounds formed in the bleaching of pulp with CIO₂. Chemosphere,33:437-448.

Kincaid, K. 1994. NCASI Technical Workshop - "Effects of alternative pulping and bleaching process on production and biotreatability of chlorinated organics". Special Report No. 94-01, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. February 1994.

Koistinen, J., J. Passivirta, T. Nevalainen and M. Lahtiperä. 1994. Chlorophenanthrenes, alkylchlorophenanthrenes and alkylchloronaphthalenes in kraft pulp mill products and discharges. Chemosphere,28:1261-1277.

McKague A.B. and A. Grey. 1996. The reaction of syringol with chlorine dioxide. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology,16:249-259.

NCASI. 1994a. An assessment of the significance of discharge of chlorinated phenolic compounds from bleached kraft pulp mills. Technical Bulletin No. 658, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. March 1994.

NCASI. 1994b. Volatile organic emissions from pulp and paper mill sources. Part V - Kraft mill bleach plants. Technical Bulletin No. 679, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. October 1994.

O'Connor, B.L, T.G Kovacs, REL Voss, P.EL Martel and B. Van Lierop. 1994. A laboratory assessment of the environmental quality of alternative pulp bleaching effluents. Pulp and Paper Canada, 95(3):47-56.

Pryke, D.C., P. Winter, GR Bouree and C. Mickowski. 1994. The impact of chlorine dioxide delignification on pulp manufacture and effluent characteristics at Grande Prairie, AB. Pulp and Paper Canada,95(6):40-46.

Rantio, T. 1995. Chlorinated cymenes in effluents of two Fish pulp mills in 1990-1993. Chemosphere,31:3413-3423.

Smith, TJ., REL Wearne and A.F.A. Wallis. 1994a. An ubiquitous chlorohydroxypyrone in filtrates from chlorine prebleaching of alkaline pulps. Holzforschung, 48:423-428.

Smith, T.J., R Wearne and A.F.A. Wallis. 1994b. Characteristics of the chlorinated organic substances in filtrates from bleaching of oxygen-delignified eucalypt kraft pulp. Water Science and Technology,29:61-71.

Smith, T.J., R Wearne and A.F.A. Wallis. 1995. Formation of chlorinated phenols during bleaching of eucalypt kraft pulps. Holzforschung,49:279-284.

Stinchfield, A.E. and M.G. Woods. 1994. NCASI Technical Workshop - "Effects of alternative pulping and bleaching process on production and biotreatability of chlorinated organics". Special Report No. 94-01, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. February 1994.

Thut, R and H. Persinger. 1994. NCASI Technical Workshop - "Effects of alternative pulping and bleaching process on production and biotreatability of chlorinated organics". Special Report No. 94-01, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. February 1994.

Vilen, E., D.W. Reeve and A.B. McKague. 1996.Identification of muconic acids in bleach plant effluent. Holzforschung,50:575-578.

Wiesemann, T.L. 1994. NCASI Technical Workshop - "Effects of alliterative pulping and bleaching process on production and biotreatability of chlorinated organics". Special Report No. 94-01, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. February 1994.

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