2. W.C. Johnson, Culture of Freshwater Prawns Using Geothermal Waste Water (Klamath Falls, OR: Oregon Institute of Technology, Geo-Heat Center, 1978).
3. K. Rafferty, Some Considerations for the Heating of Greenhouses with Geothermal Energy (Klamath Falls, OR: Oregon Institute of Technology, , Geo-Heat Center, 1985).
4. Such as an onion dehydration plant in Brady Hot Springs, Nevada. See J.C. Austin, CH2M Hill, Inc., Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy Resources in Food Processing, Final Report, May 17, 1978 - May 31, 1982, Report No. DOE/ET/28424-6, Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC07-78ET28424 (May 1982).
5. Such as the district heating system in Boise, Idaho, developed in the early 1900s and expanded in the 1980s. See P.J. Hanson, Boise Geothermal, Boise Geothermal District Heating System, Final Report March 1979-September 1985, Report No. DOE/ET/27053-6, Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC07-79ET27053 (October 1985).
6. R.D.P. Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electricity: A Worldwide Survey of the Design and Operation of Geothermal Power Plants (061- 000-00390-8) (Washington, DC, January 1980), p. 8.
7. See Appendix G for more information on geological processes and forms of geothermal resources.
8. Viscous rock is rock that flows in an imperfectly fluid manner upon application of unbalanced forces. The rock will change its form under the influence of a deforming force, but not instantly, as more perfect fluids appear to do.
9. The crust (crustal zones) is the outer layer of the Earth, originally considered to overlay a molten interior, now defined in various ways (lithosphere, tectonosphere, etc.).
10. M.H.P. Bott, The Interior of the Earth--Its Structure, Constitution and Evolution (London, UK: Edward Arnold, 1982), pp. 403.
11. The mantle is the layer of the Earth lying between the crust and the core. The mantle extends from depths of about 19 miles (30 kilometers) in the continental areas to 1,790 miles (2,800 kilometers), where the core begins.
12. C.L. Wardlow, "The History and Future of Geothermal Energy as Independent Power Producer," Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, Vol. 19 (October 1994), p. 17.
13. Unalaska, AK--12 megawatts; Fishlake, NV--14 megawatts; Dixie Valley, NV--19 megawatts; Bend, OR--30 megawatts; Glass Mountain, CA--30 megawatts.
14. H.C.H. Armstead, Geothermal Energy: Its Past, Present, and Future Contribution to the Energy Needs of Man, Second Edition (London, UK: E.F. Spoon, 1983), p. 361.
15. National Research Council, Geothermal Energy Technology: Issues, Research and Development Needs, and Cooperative Arrangements (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987).
16. H.C.H. Armstead, Geothermal Energy: Its Past, Present, and Future Contribution to the Energy Needs of Man, p. 348.
17. S. Williams and K. Porter, Power Plays: Geothermal (Washington, DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1989), pp. 165-181.
18. U.S. Department of Energy, Geothermal Progress Monitor, No. 12 (December 1990), pp. 15-16.
19. S. Williams and K. Porter, Power Plays: Geothermal (Washington, DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1989), p.178.
20. H.C.H. Armstead, Geothermal Energy: Its Past, Present, and Future Contribution to the Energy Needs of Man, Second Edition (London, UK: E.F. Spoon, 1983), p. 330.
21. H.C.H. Armstead, Geothermal Energy: Its Past, Present, and Future Contribution to the Energy Needs of Man.
22. National Research Council, Geothermal Energy Technology: Issues, Research and Development Needs, and Cooperative Arrangements (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987).