2. See Appendix D for detailed information on the procedures used by EIA to estimate biomass consumption levels.
3. See Appendix E for additional information on wood resources.
4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RPA Assessment of the Forest and Rangeland Situation in the United States: 1993 Update, Forest Resource Report No. 27 (Washington, DC, June 1994). Unless otherwise noted this publication is the source of the data in this section. The forest and wood-related terminology used in this report conforms to Forest Service definitions.
5. Roundwood consists of logs, bolts, and other commercially viable sections of growing stock or salvable dead trees, generally more than five inches in diameter at breast height.
6. Sawmills, veneer mills, and pulp and paper mills are examples of primary mills.
7. D.S. Powell et al., Forest Resources of the United States, 1992, U.S. Forest Service, Technical Report RM-234 (Washington, DC, September 1993), pp. 114-116.
8. R.G. Haight, Technology Change and the Economics of Silvicultural Investment, U.S. Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-232 (Washington, DC, August 1993), p. 3.
9. U.S. Forest Service, RPA Assessment of the Forest and Rangeland Situation in the United States: 1993 Update, Forest Resource Report No. 27 (Washington, DC, June 1994), p. 34.
10. B. Smith and A. Weatherspoon, Production and Sources of Residential Fuelwood in Michigan, U.S. Forest Service, Resource Bulletin NC-122 (Washington, DC, October 1990), pp. 3-4.
11. However, wood improves the energy content of the municipal solid waste stream. See Chapter 8 for a detailed discussion of this issue.
12. J. Whittier et al., Urban Tree Residues: Results of the First National Inventory (NEOS Corporation, 1994).
13. Southeast Regional Biomass Energy Program, A Sourcebook on Wood Waste Recovery and Recycling in the Southeast (June 1994), p. IV-5.
14. L. Perez, "Amazing Recyclability of Construction & Demolition Wastes," Solid Waste Technologies, Vol. VII, No. 1 (January/February 1994), pp. 12-18.
15. "Growing Demand for Wood Fiber," Wood Recycler (June 1994), p. 6.
16. Telephone conversation with William Sardo of the NWPCA (August 31, 1994).
17. U.S. Forest Service, An Analysis of the Timber Situation in the United States 1989-2040, General Technical Report RM-199 (Washington, DC, December 1990), p. 226.
18. E. Hansen et al., Recycling in the U.S. Pallet Industry: 1992 (Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Center for Forest Products Marketing, October 1993).
19. Great Lakes Regional Biomass Energy Program, Wood Pelletization Sourcebook: A Sample Business Plan for the Potential Pellet Manufacturer, March 1995.
20. U.S. Department of Energy, Electricity from Biomass: National Biomass Power Program Five-Year Plan (FY 1994-FY 1998) (Washington, DC, April 1993), p. 15.
21. National Wood Energy Association, Biomass Database (March 1994).
22. Utility Data, Inc., COGEN 0994 File (September 1994).
23. Cyclone boilers are more tolerant of fuel differences than are pulverized coal boilers.
4. D. Tillman et al., "Cofiring Wood Waste and Coal in Cyclone Boilers: Test Results and Prospects," in Proceedings of Second Biomass Conference of the America (Portland, OR, August 1995), pp. 382-389.
25. T. Bridgewater and C. Peacocke, "Biomass Fast Pyrolysis," in Proceedings of Second Biomass Conference of the America (Portland, OR, August 1995), pp. 1037-1046.
26. C.T. Donovan and J.E. Fehrs, "Recent Utility Efforts To Develop Advanced Gasification Biomass Power Generation Facilities," in Proceedings of Second Biomass Conference of the America (Portland, OR, August 1995), pp. 702-710.
27. D. Patel, G. Steinfeld, and B. Baker, "Direct Fuel Cell: A High-Efficiency Power Generator for Biofuels," in Proceedings of Bioenergy '94 (Reno, NV, October 1994), pp. 495-501.
28. Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Fuel Cells: Addressing America's Future Power Needs (Morgantown, WV, not dated).
29. Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Fuel Cells: A Handbook, Revision 3, DOE/METC-94/1006 (Morgantown, WV, January 1994).
30. U.S. Department of Energy, Electricity from Biomass: National Biomass Power Program Five-Year Plan (FY 1994-FY 1998) (Washington, DC, April 1993), p. 2.
31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Carbon Storage and Accumulation in United States Forest Ecosystems, General Technical Report WO-59 (Washington, DC, August 1992), p. 3.
32. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Carbon Storage and Accumulation in United States Forest Ecosystems, General Technical Report WO-59 (Washington, DC, August 1992), pp. 3-6.