The percentage of dirty vehicles increases with age. Roughly 30 percent of five-year-old cars emit excessive pollution. At seven years old, the average age of passenger cars in the United States, 55 percent of vehicles are high emitters. Overall, 10 to 30 percent of vehicles cause the bulk of the problem.
Unfortunately, it is not always obvious which vehicles fall into this category, as the emissions themselves may not be noticeable and emission control malfunctions do not necessarily affect vehicle driveability. Effective I/M programs can identify these problem vehicles and assure their repair.
Substantial reductions in vehicle emissions are essential in cities struggling to achieve clean air. Depending on the sophistication of the program, I/M can reduce vehicle-related hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by 5 percent to more than 30 percent. A comprehensive I/M program can also yield reductions in nitrogen oxide emissions of up to 10 percent.
EPA oversees a number of programs designed to limit vehicle emissions, including requirements for cleaner vehicles, cleaner fuels, and cleaner transportation alternatives. Still, a well-designed I/M program remains the single most effective and cost-effective way to achieve major reductions in vehicle pollution.
Two basic types of tests are performed in I/M programs. The first is a test of emissions from the tailpipe (exhaust emissions). A probe is inserted into the tailpipe while the vehicle is idling or while the engine is being revved to 2500 rpm. Emissions analyzers then measure pollution levels in the exhaust. The second procedure involves a check to ensure that critical emission control components are present and operational. Cars that fail because of dirty exhaust or faulty emission controls must be repaired and re-inspected.
The cost to drivers for an I/M test varies from state to state and ranges from $5 in Arizona to $44 in California. The average test costs $8 in states with inspection-only programs and $18 in states where repair shops perform inspections.
Repair costs also vary considerably, depending upon the cause of failure. EPA estimates the average bill nationwide to be about $50 to $70 per vehicle that fails the test. The cost of some repairs is covered under emission performance or defect warranties required by the Clean Air Act or under other manufacturer warranties.
States consider vehicle design in setting the pass/fail cutoff for I/M tests. Older vehicles are not held to the same standard as newer models with more sophisticated emission controls. In addition, many states waive repair requirements if the cost exceeds a predetermined limit.
Basic programs will likely resemble those in place today with a simple emissions test and check of emission control devices. "Enhanced" programs will involve more comprehensive and sophisticated emission testing and functional checks. For example, in addition to exhaust from the tailpipe, these programs will address evaporative emissions, an increasingly important aspect of the hydrocarbon pollution problem. The enhanced I/M provisions prohibit stations that conduct I/M tests from performing vehicle repairs and also allows states to take steps such as tightening enforcement procedures to increase the overall effectiveness of their program.
On-board diagnostic (OBD) systems will use vehicle computers to monitor emission controls. The computer triggers a dashboard indicator light when the controls malfunction. This, in turn, alerts the driver to seek maintenance for the vehicle. Diagnostic systems will be required on vehicles beginning with 1994 models. Future I/M inspections will include OBD checks, but because the OBD system itself could malfunction, be tampered with, or simply be ignored, OBD will not be able to replace I/M.
Remote sensing technologies are being refined that offer the potential for a fast and convenient way to identify high-emitting vehicles. These technologies take a "snapshot" of a vehicle's emissions as it passes by a sensor located on the side of the road. Like OBD, remote sensing could provide a useful addition to I/M programs. The accuracy of remote sensing is still limited, however, and remote sensing devices cannot measure evaporative emissions. Thus, an I/M structure will still be necessary to ensure comprehensive and fair monitoring and repair of all vehicles in a given area.
Cleaner vehicle and fuel technologies required under the 1990 Clean Air Act will help reduce emissions of tailpipe exhaust and evaporating gasoline. But cars must be properly maintained and emission control systems must remain functional if these reductions are to be fully realized. I/M serves as a continuing incentive for motorists to have their vehicles serviced regularly.
Direct questions about I/M policy to the Emission Planning and Strategies Division of the EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, 2565 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.
Direct questions about warranty coverage of emission control components to the Office of Mobile Sources Field Operations and Support Division, US EPA (6406J), 401 M St. SW, Washington, DC 20460, or call 202-260-2633.
Region 1 CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency John F. Kennedy Federal Building Boston, MA 02203 617-565-3225Region 2 NJ, NY U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Programs Branch 26 Federal Plaza, Room 1034A New York, NY 10278 212-264-2517
Region 3 DE, DC, MD, PA, VA, WV U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 841 Chestnut Building Philadelphia, PA 19107 215-814-5000
Region 4 AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 345 Courtland Street, N. E. Atlanta, GA 30365 404-347-3043
Region 5 IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air and Radiation Division (5AD26) Metcalf Federal Building 77 West Jackson Chicago, IL 60604 312-886-7857
Region 6 AR, LA, NM, OK, TX U.S. Environmental Protection Agency First Interstate Bank Tower at Fountain Place 1445 Ross Avenue, Suite #1200 Dallas, TX 75202-2733 214-655-7214
Region 7 IA, KS, MO, NE U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 726 Minnesota, Avenue Kansas City, KS 66101 913-551-7494
Region 8 CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 999 18th Street Denver, CO 80202 303-293-1754
Region 9 AZ, CA, HI, NV U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105 415-744-1177
Region 10 AK, ID, OR, WA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, WA 98101 206-553-1066