Vol 10 No 2
July 1995
The following information is provided continuing our current practice to pass along valuable lessons learned from our energy seminars:
Boiler combustion efficiency testing has been completed during surveys of 121 Army, Air Force and Defense Logistics Agency installations during the past three years. The testing has shown the potential for significant energy savings. Little attention is given to maintaining high boiler combustion efficiencies.
Combustion efficiency testing is rarely performed by the installations. The primary factors found to be causing poor combustion efficiency were soot and carbon buildup on boiler tubes, excess combustion air, and oil burner tip fouling. Generally fuel oil fired boilers were found to suffer from lower efficiencies.
Oversized boilers are a significant factor in contributing to low operating efficiencies. Boilers are either oversized when initially designed, or become oversized because of decreased load requirements. Decreased loads are caused by improvements in building envelopes, reduction in ventilation, or changes in mission.
Many boiler installations consist of a single boiler that operates many hours of the year at a low load factor. Larger boiler plants usually consist of multiple boilers. In most instances, all of the boilers are of similar capacity and operate at low load factors the majority of the year. It would be better if boiler plants included at least one smaller boiler to handle low load conditions, especially in situations where there is a small summer load requirement.
A consolidated effort needs to be made to educate both designers and end-users as to the proper operation and benefits of radiant heating systems. Unfortunately, one poor design of a radiant system can leave a bad impression on many individuals, leading other designers to believe that radiant systems just cannot work in their facilities.
End-users need to be informed of how radiant heat works in order to use the system with satisfactory results. The major problems encountered with radiant systems are in vehicle maintenance facilities in which radiant heaters are used with no provision for heating workers underneath vehicles. Addressing this problem by changing to under-floor, floor mounted, or portable radiant heaters, can overcome many of the legitimate complaints of the end- user. Most other complaints heard were due to misinformed individuals not versed in the proper use of radiant heating systems.
Relatively new non-metallic, non-jointed materials on the market make underfloor radiant systems a very attractive alternative for new facilities. The underfloor system provides a more even distribution of heat at a point closer to the occupant. Design instructions should require A/E's to examine-closely underfloor radiant systems for all new maintenance facilities when performing life-cycle cost analyses.
The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) has designed and published the first comprehensive water management handbook for government use entitled "Water Management: A Comprehensive. Approach for Facility Managers."
The handbook is being used throughout more than 7,000 GSA facilities and by the Department of Energy in its Water Resource Management Workshop, which was developed by the Federal Energy Management Program and by Pacific Northwest Laboratory.
For information on how you can obtain copies of this manual or customize it for use in your own agency, contact Linda Hsu-Harris at Enviro-Management & Research, Inc., at (703) 875-2800, ext 12.
Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE) recently signed a contract to install a gas line to the post's main boiler plant and to 16 additional boilers located elsewhere on post.
The new gas lines will further increase the post's heating savings which began last year with installation of new boilers at the main boiler plant. The gas lines will enable APG to replace heating oil with natural gas at the main boiler plant and allow the post to save approximately $806,000 in annual fuel costs. The gas price is reduced by BGE because the post will have the capability to switch from gas to oil at BGE's request.
Colonel James M. Bosley, deputy installation commander, said the post is pleased with the initiative, stating that this is one of the most important energy cost saving programs APG has ever begun. However, he added that this is just the first step. The post also has signed a master energy services agreement with BGE, which means APG can move forward on energy measures to be taken in more than 1,700 buildings.
For example, high-energy efficient lighting retrofits have been completed or will be started in over 150 buildings. The new, energy efficient lighting not only will save the post money on electric bills, but also will earn rebate checks from BGE--as much as $600,000.
For additional information, contact Karen Jolley Drewen, APG.
PHOTO: Cheryl McLaughlin, seated left, and Shirley Kelly sign a contract with Baltimore Gas and Electric, as Gary Testerman, left, post energy manager, and Col. James M. Bosley, deputy installation commander, Steve Wood, BGE vice president, and John Lang, BGE &rector of special accounts, look on. [refer to source document]
Frank Cooper, Chief of the Operations and Maintenance Division, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, calls Electro-Osmotic Pulse (EOP) technology the best thing since sliced bread!" He watched EOP dry up a wet barracks basement in just one week as the result of a Facilities Engineering Applications Program (FEAP) demonstration on the installation.
EOP technology involves mortaring small electrodes directly into the concrete wall to produce an electric field. This field promotes a flow of ions and water that creates a pressure barrier, opposing the seepage flow into the basement. Once the walls are dry, electrical power use drops automatically due to the concrete's lack of moisture and increased resistance. The procedure uses very low energy--similar to operating a small light bulb; thus, resulting in a cost savings of some 40 percent over conventional trenching and tiling methods.
Analysis of the system driving potential revealed that the self- contained control system applies a carefully spaced direct current pulse. The applied potential drives a low current density that provides a counterpressure against the seepage flow. The spacing between pulses allows the electrodes to "rest:' limits evolution of hydrogen gas, and prevents the concrete from becoming too dry. According to the research engineers, some moisture has to stay in the concrete to prevent overdrying.
The moisture and its potential to corrode steel rebar remain unanswered questions about EOP technology. Although the corrosive damage is within the acceptable range, the jury is still out on the moisture issue and climatic conditions that may impact the technology. Mr. Cooper says that you can't argue with success and this technology has succeeded beyond his wildest dreams. For additional information on EOP technology, contact Vince Hock or Henry Cardenas at U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) (217) 373-6753, ext 752 or Frank Cooper at Fort Jackson (803) 751-4817.
For information on how to become a "demo site" for emerging technology, contact Jeff Walaszek at the FEAP Information Center (217) 373-7216.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) has created a dynamic partnership for economic and environmental development with the Mexican Petroleum Institute (IMP). The two research and development laboratories have signed a memorandum of understanding thereby initiating a strategic alliance to explore opportunities for sustainable development in Latin America.
These two laboratories are already collaborating on several projects to improve manufacturing operations without negatively affecting the environment. Two technologies being evaluated include a PNL-developed software program that links sensors with computers to improve manufacturing operations without replacing existing equipment and a software program that integrates hazards management with operational processes. Another area being pursued by the partners is the possible use of PNL-developed non- destructive examination tools to inspect gas pipelines.
The Latin American Industrial and Environmental Development Initiative (LAIEDI) was conceived by PNL in 1992 when they were supporting U.S. preparations for the International Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Then with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, they started developing partnerships in Mexico to open doors, hopefully for similar work throughout Latin America.
For additional information, contact Lee Somerstein or Kevin Whattam, PNL, at Comm (509) 375-6697 or (509) 375-3617 respectively.
Help prevent pollution! The Army Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (ODCSLOG) initiated an effort last year to review the units of issue for hazardous items and change units to lesser quantities where appropriate. Changes to smaller units of issue would reduce storage, transportation, handling and disposal. In addition, it would ultimately prevent or reduce pollution as well as save procurement and handling costs.
The U.S. Army Logistics Evaluation Agency (USALEA), acting for the ODCSLOG, requested and received from the field candidates for changes in units of issue. These were forwarded to the appropriate wholesale item managers who willingly cooperated to effect the changes.
USALEA will continue to coordinate potential changes in unit of issue with the wholesale item managers. Ali Army activities are encouraged to periodically review its units of issue for hazardous items and submit recommended candidates for more appropriate units of issue to:
U.S. Army Logistics Evaluation Agency
LOEA-PL (Ludwig)
54 M Avenue, Suite 4
New Cumberland, PA 17070-5007
Additional information may be obtained from USALEA, Fern Gaffey or Harry Ludwig, DSN 977-7752 or 977.-7769 respectively.
Fort Hood, located in Killeen, TX (approximately 60 miles north of the capital city of Austin), is the largest active-duty armored post in the U.S. armed services.
During recent renovation, contractors replaced the entire heating and cooling pipeline system in the East 39000 Block Barracks complex. The barracks complex involves 19 buildings (including 12 barracks, four administration, two classroom, and one dining hall). The barracks house more than 430 people.
The complex was serviced by an original pipeline system that was direct buried and dated back to the mid-1970s, when the complex was first built.
An engineering firm from Metairie, Louisiana, designed the replacement pipeline system.
"A new system was necessary because the original insulation system leaked and caused the pipeline system to fail," said the firm's president.
The new system features an underground, concrete trench-enclosed loop system to supply hot and chilled water to each building. Army officials stipulated the loop system must include a concrete trench to protect the piping, but left the choice of insulation up to the engineer.
The firm's president said any time he designs a system where piping is put into the ground, he uses a cellular glass insulation manufactured in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
About 12,800 lineal feet of piping is covered with the insulation and is located within concrete trenches. Another 7,000 lineal feet of pipeline connecting the main loop with each building is covered with the insulation and buried.
Even though the piping is enclosed in concrete trenches, because of low altitude and rainy seasons, the system can be considered to be direct buried because at certain times it is completely submerged in water.
The trenches in the main loop are 2-1/2 feet deep and include a 10 inch thick poured concrete bottom, and 8 inch thick, slipformed concrete walls on the sides. The trenches are covered with pre- cast, steel-reinforced concrete lids that also serve as sidewalks throughout the complex.
The lid sections are 10 inch thick, weigh approximately 4,000 pounds each, and can withstand loads of the heaviest military vehicles. Because each lid is removable by crane for inspection and maintenance, they are not sealed. Moisture drains into the trench through the lid joints.
"While the trenches include a drainage system, the pipeline and its insulation system are directly exposed to moisture, making the impermeability of the insulation even more important:' said the president.
Hot water supply and return pipelines are 8 inch diameter throughout the main loop, and reduced to 2 inch diameter where they connect to each building. Chilled water supply and return lines are 12 inch diameter in the main loop, reduced to 4 inch to connect to each building.
Project specifications stated: "The field-applied insulation for piping valves, fittings, field casing closures, and other piping system accessories shall be cellular glass. Materials shall be compatible and shall not contribute to corrosion, soften, or otherwise attack surfaces to which applied in either wet or dry state."
According to the firm's president, the particular cellular glass insulation that he uses is the only impermeable insulation product on the market that meets all requirements of the Fort Hood specifications.
A top cause of insulation failure is moisture absorption. If insulation absorbs just 4 percent moisture, its insulating value can decrease by up to 70 percent, according to the manufacturer.
Because it is impermeable to moisture in both liquid and vapor forms, this particular cellular glass insulation does not promote metal corrosion, which results in extended service life for both insulation and piping, said the manufacturer.
With an average compressive strength of 100 pounds per square inch, when properly capped, the insulation is said to withstand physical abuse that would seriously damage other insulation materials.
And, said the manufacturer, its reversible coefficient of thermal expansion-contraction, which is similar to that of mild steel, ensures that it will not swell, warp, shrink, or otherwise distort.
The insulation at Fort Hood was prefabricated in 2 inch thick, 2 foot long, half-round sections. Protective jacketing included a self-sealing lap for field installation.
The joints between pieces of insulation were left unsealed on hot' water lines; joints on chilled water lines were buttered and sealed with a vaporbarrier mastic.
For additional information on the cellular glass insulation product, call MAJ James Hann, or Irene Mangle, at Comm (717) 770- 6711/DSN 977-6711 or Comm (717) 770-6901 /DSN 977-6901 respectively.
The Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) has looked at the suggestion to save energy by delamping vending machines. In an effort to mesh energy conservation goals with optimum vending machine sales, the following policy has been implemented throughout the Exchange Service:
"AAFES supports the Federal energy reduction policies and efforts by each installation to do so. AAFES will permanently delamp indoor soda machines when it has been determined that sales and the resulting revenue to MWR will not suffer. The following guidelines will apply. Each machine's sales will be monitored before and after delamping. If sales losses drop below the projected energy savings, the machine shall be relamped. Otherwise, the machine shall have the ballast and lamp holders removed. This will be accomplished on a machine-by-machine basis to ensure maintenance of sales and MWR contributions."
Type of Machine, Average KWH/Month
For additional information, contact Mr. Carl E. Johnson, P.E., at DSN 556-7338, AAFES, Dallas, TX.
The Sacramento district Army Corps of Engineers has nominated a 220-unit family housing construction project at Fort Irwin as a fiscal year 1996 showcase facility for energy efficiency. Showcase facilities highlight advanced technologies and practices for energy efficiency, water conservation, or use of solar and other renewable energy.
The National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California entered a new phase of energy efficient engineering as they broke ground on these showcase homes on March 7, 1995. This final, group of 220 homes (other energy-efficient homes have been constructed at Fort Irwin since 1980) will take the housing project to the leading edge of technology with ground source heat pumps.
Ground source heat pumps will transfer heat from home, via water mains, to an existing underground water reservoir. The water from this storage facility will also be used in homes throughout the post. As temperatures and water use rise in the summer months, the lost water will be replaced by cooler water which increases the efficiency of the system.
In the winter months, heat is drawn from the reservoir and the flat roof of the storage facility adds heat back into the water. Subsurface ground-water temperatures average 75 degrees Fahrenheit year round at Fort Irwin. The system will switch over to a heat pump mode in the winter and will draw heat from the warm ground water into the homes. Onsite tests conducted by the local utility, Southern California Edison, have shown a 50 percent reduction in energy costs utilizing the ground source heat pump technology.
In addition to the ground source heat pumps, numerous water conservation and energy efficient technologies will be applied which include:
For more information on this showcase, please contact Mr. Rene Quinones, Fort Irwin Directorate of Public Works, at (619) 380- 3433.
The Directorate of Environmental Compliance and Management at Fort Carson has implemented the following procedures at the post to conserve energy for the summer season:
For additional information, call Mr. Steve Snyder, AFZC-ECM, Fort Carson, Colorado, DSN 691-3678.
The MotorMaster software, developed by the Washington State Energy Office with funding support from the Bonneville Power Administration and DOE, consists of a motor price and performance database and an energy conservation analysis report. Designed for utility auditors, facility managers, and consulting engineers, MotorMaster can be queried to identify the most efficient motor(s) for a given application and compute the energy and demand savings associated with selection of an energy efficient motor over a standard model.
MotorMaster 2.2 now features the ability to write to a Building Life Cycle Cost (BLCC 4.2-95) Quick Input file ( MOTOR.QI). When the [F5] print key is pressed from the Compare Results screen, a Quick Input record for the selected motor is appended to the MOTOR.QL file. The Quick Input program allows a maximum of 200 input records. With Quick Input, the MotorMaster data can be used as input to BLCC 4.2-95 and meets all the Executive Order 12902 requirements for FEMP projects.
MotorMaster includes:
MotorMaster runs on any IBM-compatible computer with a hard disk. It requires DOS 3.3 or higher, about 3.6 MB of free disk space and 640 KB of free memory.
The cost of MotorMaster is $108 per calendar year for Washington State residents; $100 outside Washington State. For more information, contact the Washington State Energy Office, (Motors), P.O. Box 434165, Olympia, WA 98504-3165; telephone: (206) 956-2215.
by Maria Orem
Employee suggestions are saving time, money, and energy at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG).
Raymond A. Burk, a retired airconditioning equipment mechanic in the Edgewood Area, recently received a plaque and a cash award for an idea which ultimately saves APG nearly $125,000 a year in energy costs.
The idea, which was submitted in 1991 through the post's employee suggestion program and subsequently, successfully implemented, has earned Burk $3,818, one of the largest cash awards paid out to an individual.
Burk recommended automatic timers be installed on heating and ventilation units to control air handlers in building E-4301. The 289,702 square-foot building, one of the largest on post, is used for training and houses a variety of wheeled vehicles.
Charlie De Pase, a mechanical engineer at the Directorate of Public Works, performed the economic evaluation of Burk's suggestion.
"This was an excellent suggestion," De Pase said. "It saves on fuel bills and wear and tear on the fans because the building doesn't need to be heated on weekends and evenings when no one is there. The timers also solved some other problems, like condensation on the boilers."
Gary Testerman, post energy manager, praised the recommendation, not only for the obvious cost savings, but also for the low-cost implementation. According to Testerman, the nine timers cost about $1,200 to install.
"This suggestion couldn't have been any better because of the low investment required on our part," he said.
Testerman added that he encourages employees to identify methods of energy conservation and submit their ideas.
"The work force needs to be involved in the effort to save energy," he said, adding that the new executive order mandates a 30 percent reduction in energy use by the year 2005.
With the support of his supervisor, Tom Caldwell, Burk installed the timers before he retired in 1993. Following the installation, Caldwell was tasked with verifying the results to prove that it would save money. Caldwell then made 24 hour chart recordings for each of the nine units.
Caldwell said the tiers, which were installed in approximately 26 hours, have proved very successful in saving time, energy and money in the five-year old building. As a result of this project, Caldwell said DPW is considering installing a complete energy management system in the Edgewood Area.
"I'm not surprised that Ray came up with this idea because he was very energy conscious, very thrifty," Caldwell said. "He was dependable and professional and one of the best people I've ever worked with." Burk, a resident of Joppatowne, is no stranger to job performance recognition. During his 30 year career at APG, he received numerous awards and commendations, earning his first suggestion award of $885 in 1967.
Gene Worthinton, the Edgewood Area maintenance branch chief, described Burk as a dedicated individual and wished him a good retirement. He added that the award was an excellent example of how APG's employee suggestion program and energy program combine to achieve positive results. For additional information, call Maria Orem, APG.
The Hazardous Substances Management System (HSMS) is a Department of Defense standard hazardous materials/waste tracking system being developed by the Defense Environmental Security Corporate Information Management (DESCIM) office. The HSMS will be based on the Hazardous Materials Control and Management software developed by the Navy at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and the Joint Logistics Services Center software for Depot Maintenance-Hazardous Materials Management System. Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM) and Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics (DCSLOG) are joint proponents for Army implementation of HSMS. The Army Environmental Center and the Logistics Evaluation Agency will conduct a test of the HSMS in FY 96. Initial orientation meeting for the test installations is scheduled for early June 1995.
DCSLOG and ACSIM sent out a joint memo on 2 February 1995 asking Major Commands to select potential test sites. The memo suggested the following test sites: Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas; Schofield Barracks, Hawaii; Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri; 98th Area Support Group, Germany; and Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Fort Bliss, Texas was later added. Test installation site assessments, called business case analyses, will be conducted in July 1995 to March 1996 timeframe. Each business case analysis is expected to take from three- to five-days at the installation. The evaluation team, lead by Army Environmental Center and Logistics Evaluation Agency, will have members from the Army, the DESCIM office and the Navy. The business case analysis report identifying the hardware/software requirements, the investment cost and expected cost savings for HSMS implementation will be sent to each major command and potential test site. After reviewing the report, each installation must decide if they want to become an actual test site.
After the test sites have been identified, software training will be conducted for a specified number of representatives from each test site.
After the training is completed, the HSMS software will be installed at each site by representatives from the DESCIM Office. The test period is expected to begin in the first quarter of FY 96 and run for at least six months.
For additional information, contact Ms. Fern Gaffey, USALEA, DSN 977-7752.
The Ironhorse Team will not receive a utility bill for this energy! This is non-polluting, unlimited solar energy, able to pump continuously or in increments. This energy will be brought to the Mountain Post by the reliable sun.
The Directorate of Environmental Compliance and Management (DECAM) staff leave no stone unturned when it comes to saving energy, resources and money.
A photovoltaic (PV) energy system is what it is called. Electrical power is produced when ordinary sunlight falls on semiconductor cells.
Many of the old water wells located downrange will have solar- powered submersible pumps installed as the energy conduit bringing water to the surface. These water rights were adjudicated with purchase of the land during the 1960s.
"We believe the location of available water to wildlife downrange will lower the stresses from military training. When training displaces wildlife from normal routines, other water sources will be available," explained DECAM's Chris Bandy wildlife manager.
In the 1950s, solar cells were first introduced to generate satellites. Since then PV systems have been used to power a variety of applications--home use, water pumping, security lights, radio repeaters, and on a larger scale power for utility companies.
The cost of PV electricity has decreased to a tenth of its original cost in the last decade, but it is still two- to three-times more expensive than electricity you can buy from your local power company. However, PV electricity has none of the hidden costs associated with these other sources.
As the cost of ordinary electricity increases, PV is becoming the cost-effective option for various applications. Especially as distances from the present power lines increase.
In addition to irrigation, Fort Carson utilizes the sun for many purposes:
For additional information, contact Mr. Steve Snyder, AFZC-ECM, Fort Carson, Colorado, DSN 691-3678.
Long considered "energy guzzlers," computers and other office equipment are turning "green," and office managers are seeing the difference in their utility bills.
By the year 2000, energy-efficient computer equipment will save more than 25 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) each year when compared to the equipment of a few years ago, according to Robert Best of the Eskel-Porter Company, one of the companies making it easier for users to reach that goal.
Such a reduction will affect the amount of time large generating facilities must operate.
That reduction in operation time should have a triple effect: pollution produced by some plants should be reduced, both the power plant and office machines should last longer, and businesses and government agencies should see a reduction in energy costs. The Federal Government alone could save an estimated $40 million.
To speed this process, President Clinton issued Executive Order 12845 in October 1993 requiring all new computer equipment purchased by Federal agencies to comply with "Energy Star" standards.
"Energy Star" is the label placed on machines meeting Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines; i.e., a machine that powers down (shuts itself off) when not used during a set amount of time.
Personal computer (PC) equipment manufacturers quickly adapted to the requirement, and nearly all can now supply machines that meet the guidelines. But in 1994, the EPA found a major gap in the program.
Few PCs and laser printers sold in the United States in 1993 met Energy Star guidelines, but most manufacturers designed machines to make upgrading easier, assuring a longer useful life.
This posed a new problem: "How can energy use be reduced in these less efficient computers and laser printers as they are upgraded over their expected useful life of five- to seven-years?"
Unfortunately, a computer may leave the factory meeting the guide lines--a true "green" machine--but end up far from it.
The quest for increasingly faster performance causes 'Tuners and tinkerers" to change peripherals and components, leading to mismatches and creating mixed results for actual savings from these machines.
The existing PC user base maintains some consistency promoting use of retrofits - hardware, software, or both - to make older computers (made prior to such mandates) comply with Energy Star standards.
Energy Star retrofits can be found on General Service Administration Schedule 70 B/C. Their contract number is GS-OOK- 94AG5-6292. These inexpensive devices, typically $50 to $200, plug into the power source of PCs and printers. They sense inactivity in the keyboard, mouse, or printer-PC interface, and after the user-designated period, they power down the monitor or printer.
Energy Star retrofits are so efficient at reducing power use that the typical payback period is one- to two-years.
The EPA and Commonwealth Edison of New York can calculate the savings from these retrofits based on the reduction in kWh, and their reports are available to interested businesses and individuals.
To receive your specific report, call 1-800-326-3230 and ask for the Federal Energy Savings Department. Be ready to provide the following information to make your report site-specific:
For more information, call Mr. Robert Best at 1-800-326-3230.
(Reprinted with permission from the Energy Services Bulletin)
The Illumination Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) defines candlepower as luminous intensity expressed in lumens per steradian. Such a complex definition may be easier to understand by tracing the evolution of the term foot-candle. Clearly the most practical early light source was a candle. Logic suggests that some early scientist came up with a standard candle of a certain diameter, with a standard wick and using standard beeswax, if there was such a thing. The effort resulted in an early standardized light source. The power of a standard candle to produce light was termed candlepower and the term luminance is used when referring to a light source. If one looks directly at the candle flame, a luminance of one candlepower (candela) will be seen. Imagine that light spreading out to pass through an imaginary frame (aperture) of one square foot, placed exactly one foot from the flame. [GRAPHIC--refer to source document] The light passing through that area is called illuminance and is equal to one foot candle. That one square foot of area will be illuminated with the light of one candle at one foot or one footcandle.
The solid angle between the four light rays shown in the drawing which define an area equal to the square of the distance is called a steradian. Therefore, the light of one candle radiating through one steradian is one lumen. It follows that one footcandle is equal to one lumen per square foot since in the definition we said that one candle power is equal to one lumen per steradian.
Light from a candle radiates almost globally, so one solid wedge (sterian) is only a portion of the light energy in a candle. If, in this case, one steradian contains one lumen, how many lumens are there in a candle? Since the area of a sphere is 12.57 times the radius squared, it follows that one candle has the power of 12.57 lumens.
It is important to remember that a lumen is like an energy source. When the lumens are directed onto or through an area, you get lumens per square foot or footcandles. Lux is simply the metric unit for lumens per square meter. One footcandle equals 10.76 lux.
For additional information, contact Mr. Gus Hutchison, Solar Kinetics, Inc., Toll Free 1-800-949-7654.
(Reprinted from TECH-NOTES, Solar Kinetics, Inc.)
Salute and Farewell
Major Susan L. McDonald was retired from the U.S. Army at a recent luncheon held by the U.S. Army Logistics Evaluation Agency (USALEA) where she was assigned for the last five years. Officiating at the ceremony was COL Lynn Beattie who is Chief, Physical Therapy Section, Walter Reed Hospital and Physical Therapy Consultant for the North Atlantic Health Services Support Area.
COL Beattie sketched MAJ McDonald's career from her graduation from Purdue University and obtaining her master's degree from University of Texas to her current stint at USALEA.
Although always busy accomplishing her military duties in the POL field, MAJ McDonald found time to volunteer many hours assisting with the homeless and food shelters both in Texas and in Japan where she worked with the Missionaries of Charity whose superior is Mother Teresa.
Her most recent assignment at USALEA, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania was that of a Petroleum Staff officer leading the Army Energy Team. Her enthusiasm and superior management skills have greatly contributed to the Army's distinction as having the best energy management program within DoD. She has participated in numerous energy awareness seminars worldwide and instructed energy coordinators and managers from most every installation. Her significant achievements during her last five years have left a lasting financial impact on the Army. She will be leaving a void in the Petroleum expertise area and in the hearts of her co-workers and friends at USALEA.
MAJ McDonald will be employed in the New Cumberland vicinity where she resides. That is good news, because she will be close enough for an occasional visit. When we are desperate for institutional knowledge, we may have to impose upon her. We know she'll be a great asset to her new employer and we wish her continued success and Godspeed.
By Mr. Jemison
The disposal of lamps containing mercury and the potential for accidental emissions is of great concern. Mercury is a highly toxic, heavy metal which bioaccumulates in the food chain. Mercury vaporizes at a vapor pressure of 0.002 mm at 25 degrees Centigrade at room temperature. In comparison, water's vapor pressure is about 17 mm at 25 degrees centigrade. The volatilization pathway is especially significant with respect to human health concerns, as it results in ambient concentrations of mercury that are absorbed through various pathways. These include direct inhalation, or ingestion through the consumption of contaminated food products, particularly fish. Estimates on global and national mercury emissions vary widely.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulates mercury. Under these regulations, fluorescent and high-intensitydischarge (HID) lamps may be considered hazardous waste. Small quantities of lead in these lamps may be potentially harmful to human health and the environment. RCRA requires generators of solid wastes containing toxic constituents, like mercury and lead, to test representative samples of the waste. The test is conducted before disposal in order to determine whether the wastes are hazardous or not. If the generators choose not to test the lamps, they should assume these wastes are hazardous waste and dispose of them according to 49 CFR.
For additional information, contact Part 261 (identification and listing of Mr. Jemison, DSN 471-7996, U.S. hazardous waste) Medical Command, (MCLO-SO).
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U.S. Army Logistics Evaluation Agency
New Cumberland, Pennsylvania 17070-5007
Official Business
FIRST-CLASS MAIL
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
DEFENSE LOGISTICS AGENCY
PERMIT NO. G-53
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Last Updated: May 22, 1996