July 1994
OzonAction n 11 UNEP
[See document source for graphics and logos]
A Newsletter dedicated to Ozone Layer Protection and Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
| Editorial Board: | Mrs. J. Aloisi de Larderel, Dr. S. Andersen, Dr. S. Carvalho, Mrs. E. Claussen, Dr. O. El Arini, Mr. P. Horwitz, Dr. M. Kerr, Mrs. I. Kokeritz, Dr. L. Kuijpers, Mr. G. Nardini, Mr. K.M. Sarma, Mr. R. Shende, Mr. Tan Meng Leng, Mr. R. Vellutini, Mr. M. Verhille, Ms. F. Weir. |
| Editor: | Dr. Jean Christophe Balouet |
| Publication Manager: | Mr. Cristobal Vignal |
| Editorial Assistants: | Mr. Jim Curlin, Mrs. Cecilia Mercado |
United National Environment Programme, Industry and Environment Programme Activity Centre (UNEPIE/PAC) OzonAction Programme
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75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
Tel: (33 1) 44 37 14 50
Fax: (33-1) 44 37 14 74
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On-line OAIC: (33-1) 44 79 40 59
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Editorial by Dr. Lambert Kuijpers, Co-Chair of the UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP).
The technology and economics assessment is a learning process. The Protocol matures through this process and global consensus. The TEAP has learned a great deal from the first assessment of the essential use nominations and their recommendations.
The TEAP identified a limited number of essential uses for CFC to be allowed after 1 January 1996. These have been recommended to the Parties after very thorough consideration of their essentiality in order to stimulate a rapid conversion to substitutes for as many applications as possible (see page 6).
More importantly, in 1994 the TEAP is drafting reports which contain a global overview of the technology available for all sectors to convert to non-ODS alternatives. The technologies are changing rapidly and offer new perspectives on an ongoing basis. More than 300 experts from developed and developing countries working in the technical committees are cooperating in order to determine feasibility of new options. This complex task is expected to result in an enormous amount of new information.
In the technical assessments, more and more options come to the fore. It is my conviction that the activities of the TEAP and its technical committees in 1994 will lead to consistent and geopolitically-balanced reporting.
It will be of great importance to the Parties in making further decisions in 1995, in order to transfer the newest technical knowledge all over the world, but, above all, to further diminish the threat to the ozone layer.
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Data Reporting and Phase-out Progress
The Ozone Secretariat reviewed the reporting of data by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol for the 8th Meeting of the Implementation Committee.
The Secretariat underlines the statement of Article 7 of the Montreal Protocol requiring data reporting. The report, based on data available as of 9 May 1994, addresses the following important results:
[See document source for photo. Caption: Domestic air conditioning using HFC-134a is now commercially available. Copyright C.C.]
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Fund Secretariat and the Implementing Agencies
Fund Secretariat: The Fund Secretariat organized the selection of a consultant to prepare the report for the review of phase-out schedules of Article 5 countries. A consortium of consulting firms from USA, India and Malaysia was selected by the Sub Committee of the Executive Committee (EC). The Fund Secretariat also made preparations for the 13th EC meeting (25-27 July, Montreal, Canada), prepare policy documents and reviewed the progress reports and work programs of the implementing agencies, investment projects submitted for 18 Article 5 countries and seven country programs for consideration by the Executive Committee.
IE/PAC: IE/PAC sponsored a regional training course on Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Training Programs in Jakarta in April, with participants from 9 training institutes, 23 trade associations and industries, and 18 government officials from 12 countries.
ODS Officers Network for South America had its first workshop in Montevideo in May. Nine developing and three developed countries participated to share their policies and strategies to implement the phase-out.
The OzonAction Information Clearing house diskette version (OAIC-DV 1.0) was distributed to all National Ozone Units/Focal Points in Article 5 countries. The diskette contains databases related to technical and policy matters for implementation of the Protocol.
Four new country programs (Botswana, Seychelles, Uganda and Zimbabwe) are being submitted to the 13th EC meeting for approval, along with their institutional strengthening projects.
Country studies for Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) are being conducted with the assistance from government of Finland and Sweden.
Two technology Catalogues, Aerosols, Sterilants, Carbon Tetrachloride and Miscellaneous Uses; and Specialized Solvent Uses have been prepared, reviewed and are being disseminated to National Ozone Units. (See also page 7).
Ozone Secretariat: GEF and the Ozone Secretariat, with the support of IE/PAC, INFOTERRA, Regional Office for the Europe (ROE), the Interstate Ecological Council and the World Bank are jointly organizing the Meeting of the Implementation Committee of the Montreal Protocol in the countries of former Soviet Union (Minsk, Belarus, 15-17 August).
The Secretariat is organizing a seminar (Nairobi, 4 July) on essential use nominations: the Parties that nominated essential uses have been invited to attend. The Secretariat is also preparing the meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group (Nairobi, 5-8 July).
The data received regarding the consumption of ODS up to mid-May 1994 has been analyzed and a report prepared for the Implementation Committee (see also page 1).
The Secretariat distributed the 1994 TEAP report to all the Governments.
Developing countries concerns have been expressed sector-wise in the march 1994 TEAP report. Based upon inputs from its developing and developed country members, the TEAP is investigating the possibilities for an HCFC phasedown schedule for developing countries.
UNDP will submit the Kenya country programme for approval to the 13th EC meeting.
As of May 1994, UNDP had commissioned 8 investment projects (six projects in the foams sector and two in the solvents sector) in Egypt (4) and Malaysia (4). It has phased-out a total of 422 tonnes of ODS comprising 387 tonnes of CFC-11/12 and 35 tonnes of methyl chloroform. Several large ODS phase-out projects for Colombia will be submitted through UNDP for approval at the 13th EC meeting.
In the first half of 1994, UNIDO formulated work in Argentina, Cameroon, China, Egypt, India, Jordan and Syria, which resulted in 12 investment projects for ODS-phase-out being presented to the 13th EC meeting for final approval. Eight of these projects are in the refrigeration sector (all based on use of cyclopentane as a blowing agent, and HFC-134a as a refrigerant), two in the extruded foams sector, one for the halons and one for solvents.
Strategies are being prepared for the Article 5 countries in which consumption is less than 200 tonnes per year.
The World Bank has prepared a total of about US$ 22 million in new investment projects and operational activities for presentation to the 13th EC meeting. These include projects for Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Venezuela and work programme amendments for Indonesia and Turkey.
The Bank's Ozone Operation's Resource Group (OORG) convened three Working Group meetings in May to consider technical developments and prepare recommendations on zero-ODS domestic refrigerant alternatives, domestic refrigeration and freezer insulating foam technologies and zero-ODS foam pre-insulated pipe alternatives.
| Contacts: | MF, Dr. Omar El Arini, 27th Fl., Montreal Trust Building, 1800 McGill College Av. Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 3J6. Tel: (1-514) 282-1122 Fax: (1-514) 282-0068 |
| UNEP IE/PAC, Mrs. Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, 39-43 quai a. Citroen, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel: (33-1) 44 37 14 50 Fax: (33-1) 44 37 14 74 | |
| Ozone Secretariat, Mr. K.M. Sarma, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254-2) 623 885 Fax: (254-2) 521 930 | |
| UNDP, Mr. Frank Pinto, 1 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA. Tel: (1-212) 906-5042 Fax: (1-212) 906-6947 | |
| UNIDO, Mrs. A. Tcheknavorian, P.O. Box 300, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Tel: (43-1) 211 310 Fax: (43-1) 2307 449 | |
| WB, Mr. Ken Newcombe, 1818 H. Street N.W. Washington, DC 20433 USA. Tel: (1-202) 477-1234 Fax: (1-202) 676-0483 |
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Industry and Technology Updates
In 1992, the world CFC consumption for aerosols was only 115,000 tonnes, a reduction of some 185,000 tonnes (or 62%) since 1986. In developing countries, 1992 CFC consumption in aerosols was 20,000 tonnes (excluding metered dose inhalers) which were mainly used in the technical/industrial and medical sectors.
Under US regulations, HCFCs and blends containing HCFCs can no longer be used in portable fire extinguishers for residential use. In Europe, regulatory action has been prepared to eliminate use of HCFCs as fire extinguishing substances.
The Australian National Halon Bank (DASCEM, fax: 61-3-6494829) has been collecting halon since May 1993. Depositing halon-1211 currently costs Aus $ 10.50 per kg, but there is not charge for halon-1301. Administration subsidies enable domestic and small business holders to deposit halons free of charge. As of 28 February 1994, 56 tonnes of halon-1211 (national stock estimated at 4,500 tonnes), and 18 tonnes of halon-1301 (national stock of 450 tonnes) had been recovered. DASCEM considers industry and administration budget issues and lack of public awareness to be responsible for the results being considerably below targets.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, USA, fax: 1-202-223-5979) has released its Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 2001), including FE-25TM (HFC-12), FM-200TM (HFC-227ea), FE-13TM (HFC-23) and IG 541 InergenTM (blend of 52% nitrogen, 40% argon, 8% carbon dioxide).
Correction: OAN special supplement on halons (Sept. 1993) sowed an illustration on cover page which erroneously indicated "water mist" as alternative technology. It should have read "FM-200 system discharge."
[See document source for photo. Caption: Harvesting ice from the CFC-free solar refrigeration unit at Maruata, a Mexican fishing village. Copyright ISAAC]
Recovery/recycling: Getz Manufacturing (USA) has produced recycling equipment for halon-1301. The system comprises three separate modular units for pumping, filtration and nitrogen separation (with liquid nitrogen used in the separation process). The equipment is claimed to reach 99% efficiency and meet ISO standards.
New technology: A new foam fire fighting technology, Pyro 2000TM, is under development (USA, fax: 1-713-777-6406). The product is claimed to be non-corrosive, non-toxic and biodegradable, to be film forming and thus preventing reignition.
In June 1994, Ikon & Etec (USA, fax: 1-505-256-1003) began study on cleaning abilities and thermal stabilities of fluoroiodocarbons. Results are expected at the end of the year.
ICI Polyurethanes (Belgium, fax: 32-2758-9894) is marketing, with the support of its network of technical centers, technologies based on HCFCs, HFCs and pentane/cyclopentane.
Halozone (Canada, fax: 1-905-405-8333) is presently testing methyl bromide recovery equipment based on molecular sieves similar to those already used for the recovery of refrigerants and halons. The recovery process allows treatment of low-concentration effluents (10-50 ppm) and is guaranteed by the manufacturer to have very low emissions (<1 ppm).
The TEAP is recommending the revision of definitions of bulk substances, quarantine and preshipment to ensure clarity of the terms used in the Montreal Protocol on trade and use in methyl bromide.
Substitutes: Solvay Co. (France, fax: 33-1-407-8000) has started a production unit for HFC-143a. Used in a 50% blend with HFC-125 (Solkane AZ 50TM), it is proposed as a drop-in substitute for R-502 (a blend of HCFC-22 and CFC-115). Solvay is also planning to open a production line in Tavaux (France) for HFC-152a, a substitute used in refrigeration and foams, aerosols.
UNEP IE/PAC welcomes all new or updated information and will mention as many new industry products and contacts as possible in this newsletter.
The Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (fax: 9184-285387) has achieved successful trials of a process for producing HFC-134a. Commercial scale production should begin in 1996.
Dupont (fax: 41-22-7176021) opened a new plant (its third) to produce HFC-32 in Ponca City (Oklahoma). This chemical is one component of AC 9000TM, blended with HFC-125 and HFC-134a, a non-flammable refrigerant developed to replace HCFC-22 in air-conditioning.
Thermo King (Norway, fax: 47 22 32 12 60) converted 150 refrigeration units for road transportation by switching to 69L, without need for lubricant change, but only change of the desiccant filter.
Technologies: The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI, USA, fax: 1-703-528-3816) released the results of its 1994 US Manufacturer Survey for large tonnage chillers. It found that out of 80,000 chillers currently in use, 5,463 have been replaced with non-CFC chillers up to 1 January 1994. Additional replacements are predicted to be 4,402 units for 1994, 5,727 for 1995, and 6,460 for 1996.
[See document source for photo. Caption: The retrofitting of this supermarket chiller by alternative blend enable the recovery of 220 kg of R-502. Copyright D.]
The US EPA Office Atmospheric Programs invites nominations for the 1994 Stratospheric Ozone Protection Awards. To date, 158 awards have been granted to winners in 17 countries, including 6 developing countries (fax: 1-202-233-9576).
The number of large tonnage CFC chillers converted to non-CFC refrigerants was 1,438 up to 1994, and should reach 1,900 in 1994, 2,700 in 1995 and 3,550 in 1996. Chiller conversions in 1993 were two to three times as high as they were in 1992.
ARI also reports on leakage records for these equipment: a 5% leak rate can be estimated for the previous years, whereas this rate is only 0.5% for new chillers. Furthermore, an upsurge of sales of containment products by chiller manufacturers has been observed.
Air Conditioning: Carrier Corp. (USA, fax: 1-315-432-3503) is marketing WeatherMakerTM, the first domestic air conditioning equipment using HFC-134a. The devices, in a range of 7 to 17 kWs, are already available in North American markets. Carrier developed a new scroll compressor, MilleniumTM, designed exclusively for use with HFC-134a. 50 Hertz versions for other countries are under development.
Recovery of refrigerants: In March 1994, Britain's Department of Environment launched the Refrigerant Users Group (RUG, fax: 44 483 414109), a clearinghouse dedicated to the management of CFC refrigerants. Based on the model of the UK halon bank, HUNC, the RUG will put buyers and sellers in touch with each other. After 1 January 1995, when CFC production will be banned in Europe, the stockpiles of virgin CFCs will still be available for sale.
Recent Regulations: From 1 October 1994, new regulations adopted by the Canadian government will require all CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs in non-household refrigeration equipment to be removed by certified technicians before the equipment's service or disposal. Household equipment will be subjected to the same rules after 1 December 1995. The rule also requires the total evacuation of refrigeration equipment during service.
The International Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection (ICOLP, USA, fax: 1-202-296-7442), in line with TEAP's suggestion, will assist manufacturers of solid fuel-rocket motors around the world to identify, verify and implement alternatives and substitutes. UNEP IE/PAC and the Russian Ministry of Environmental Protection became affiliate members of ICOLP. Workshops are being organized by ICOLP in Brazil, China and India.
Equipment: Gasonics/IPC (USA, fax: 1-215-628-8280) is marketing dry-plasma cleaning equipment using electrically excited gas molecules, and requiring a vacuum chamber and low temperatures (50 degrees C). This cleaning technology uses gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. The system is claimed to remove only organic surface residues, without the need for effluent treatment or filtering. The plasma itself keeps the interior of the cleaning system clean, thus reducing maintenance.
This batch technique is already used to clean computer components, printed circuit boards and wire bond pads. Large cleaning chambers which can hold several car bumpers are also operating.
Electronics Controls Design (USA, fax: 1-503-659-6100) has developed a new batch of closed-loop cleaning technology called Controlled Emulsion CleaningTM, in which the cleaning solution consists of 5% semi-aqueous solvent and 95% water. As solvent concentrations are low, there is no need for a nitrogen bath to impair combustion; effluent disposal cost is also reduced.
New solvents: Several new hydro-carbon-based solvents have been developed for the solvent sector. The new formulas improve solvency, while allowing lower vapor pressure and higher flash points. These new solvents are designed for precision metal cleaning. They avoid rust as there is not water used, are efficient on metals but not o plastic nor rubber. Their efficiency on oils and greases, waxes, fluxes and ink is claimed to be good, but they are relatively inefficient for salts, fingerprints and resinous soils. Flammability and cost are presently limiting their use.
The Environmental Technology and Education Centre (USA, fax: 1-505-25601463) is conducting preliminary testing of solvent blends containing 20-50% of fluoroiodocarbons (FIC) and traditional flammable solvents. The blends are non-flammable.
Scandinavian Airline System (SAS) with cooperation from Volvo Aero Support and the Swedish EPA, provided a specific feasibility study for phasing out solvents at Thai Airways. Thai Airways expects to implement this new technology in 1994.
On 16 April 1994, Hoechst AG (Germany, fax: 49-69-331-07) closed its Frankfurt CFC producing facility, 20 months ahead of schedule. This facility produced 8,100 tonnes of CFCs within the four first months of the year.
Solvay (France, fax: 33-1-407-8000), the only other manufacturer of CFCs in Germany, plans to stop production in Germany by 1995.
DuPont's production plant of CFC-113 and CFC-114 in Dordrecht (Netherlands) was closed on 5 June 1994 (fax: 41-22-7176-021).
On 1 April 1994, Dow Chemicals (fax: 1-517-638-9752) closed its methyl chloroform-producing facility in Freeport (Texas-USA) which produced 250,000 tonnes of this substance annually. At the beginning of June, Dow also closed its Stade MCF production facility (Germany).
Through inadvertent and process emissions, industrial ODS production may be responsible for the emission of 7,200 ODP tonnes of CFCs, methyl bromide, CTC, MCF and HCFCs (TEAP's worst case estimate). This accounts for 0.5% of the amount of controlled substances produced around the world.
Hoechst (Germany, fax: 49-69-331-07) is processing used CFCs from refrigerators and aerosols in a fission reactor. The chemical breakdown of CFCs produces hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids which, in turn, can be used for other production processes.
The TEAP addressed its concern that the current capacity of approved ODS destruction technologies may not be sufficient to destroy the expected stockpiles of ODS within an acceptable time frame.
The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) reviewed the role of HCFCs as CFC substitutes. The Panel agreed that more environmentally acceptable alternatives are available for many uses, including most firefighting applications, non-insulating foams, most solvent applications, as substitute for MCF applications, aerosols, sterilization and solar tracking systems, and concluded that HCFCs are "technically and economically necessary for the transition" in "the majority of refrigeration and air conditioning applications, manufacturing of insulating foams, selected and limited solvent applications, and certain fire protection applications where space constraints exist".
They considered the key requirement for selecting alternatives to be balancing the need to effect an early transition from CFCs and other controlled substances with the need to ensure that use of HCFCs is not encouraged for applications where other more environmentally appropriate technologies exist.
Under the Montreal Protocol, by 1 January 1996, annual consumption of HCFCs must not exceed the sum of 3.1% of 1989 consumption level of Annex A Group 1, plus consumption of HCFCs at 1989 level. By 1 January 2004, consumption must not exceed 65% of this sum, 35% on 1 January 2010, 10% on 1 January 2015, 0.5% on 1 January 202, with total phase-out on 1 January 2030.
Alternative refrigerants to R-502 (a refrigerant blend of CFC-115 and HCFC-22) used in both low and middle temperature applications, are being proposed as drop-in substitutes, as well as in new equipment.
| Substitute | ASHRAE | Producer | Composition | % | IN or Retro |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FX-10 | - | Atochem | 22/143a/125 | 47/46/7 | R |
| FX-40 | - | Atochem | 32/125/143a | 10/45/45 | IN |
| FX-70 | R-404A | Atochem | 125/134a/143a | 44/4/52 | IN & R |
| HP-80 | R-402A | Dupont | 22/125/290 | 38/60/2 | R |
| HP-81 | R-402B | Dupont | 22/125/2390 | 60/38/2 | R |
| HP-62 | R-404A | Dupont | 125/134a/143a | 44/4/52 | IN & R |
| AZ-50 | R-507 | Allied | 125/143a | 50/50 | IN |
| Solkane AZ-50 | R-507 | Solvay | 125/143a | 50/50 | IN |
| KLEA-60 | R-407A | ICI | 32/125/134a | 20/40/40 | IN |
| KLEA-61 | R-407B | ICI | 32/125/134a | 10/70/20 | R |
| ISCEON-69L | R-403B | Rhone Poulenc | 22/218/290 | 56/39/5 | R |
IN = New Installation
R = Retrofit
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The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) and its TOCs (Technology Options Committees) analyzed the essential use nominations for exemptions submitted by Parties.
In most of the submitted cases, the TEAP and its TOCs are unable to recommend the nominations for exemptions of controlled substances because they do not satisfy the Essential Use Criteria. Many nominations were for applications where alternatives and substitutes are technically and economically feasible, commercially available and already implemented elsewhere for similar uses. Furthermore, in most cases, controlled substances are available for the nominated uses, for the period of nomination, in sufficient quantity from existing stocks of banked or recycled material.
However, the TEAP unanimously endorses the recommendation of its TOCs that the Parties authorize production and consumption of controlled substances after 1 January 1996 for:
In the case of finger printing for crime investigations, the TEAP and TOCs are unable to recommend an exemption because technically and economically feasible alternatives and substitutes are commercially available. However some questions were raised on whether the alternatives and substitutes will be made acceptable to the relevant courts of law by 1996.
The report will be reviewed by the 10th Meeting of the Open-Ended Working Group (5-8 July, Nairobi); its recommendations will in turn be considered by the 5th Meeting of the Parties in October.
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[See document source for chart. Caption: Change in the ozone amount (m. atm. cm.) for the area weighted 70 deg S to 70 deg N. Source: Journal of Geophysical Research, 1993.]WMO reports that in 1993, low ozone levels were measured over most of South America. In particular, ozone concentrations over Brazil have been very low: Santa Catarina (-11%), Parana and Sao Paulo (-7%), Rio de Janeiro (-3 to -4%).
In the northern winter-spring season, an average decrease of 3% below long term mean values was observed. In March and April 1994, the ozone depletion over most of Europe, Siberia and the adjacent polar-ocean areas was more than 10%. Over North America and the Pacific Ocean, ozone levels were 2 to 4% below normal.
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225 tonnes of Russian-produced CFC-11 which were to be imported by a French rigid foam manufacturer, were intercepted by European customs authorities. The import license was for use of CFC-11 as a chemical feedstock.
Official investigations and negotiations have been launched. The French Ministry of Environment, as soon as informed of the quota allotted by the European Commission, asked the EC not to deliver the authorization to the foam manufacturer.
At present, the European Commission allows the import of limited amounts of recycled CFCs. Virgin CFCs are allowed as a chemical feedstock in limited quantities because they are destroyed in the process of making new chemicals and therefore do not harm the ozone layer.
US EPA is looking into complaints on "used" ODS being shipped to US and working on associated rules. For example, "Reclaimed" refrigerants have been shipped to the US, whereas the refrigeration industry observers wonder about the recycling capacity of the exporting country. The observers further comment on how easy it is to "dirty" a new refrigerant.
The TEAP believes that recovery, recycling, containment and leakage-control programmes are necessary to:
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was sometimes mentioned as a cause of the 1993 ozone deficiency, because of the large amount of aerosols that were injected into the stratosphere. However, the aerosol loading of the atmosphere declined 6 to 7 times in 1993, relative to 1991 levels, so that volcanic aerosols can explain only part of the observed ozone depletion.
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UNEP IE/PAC, in collaboration of major institutions and technical experts around the world, published in June the first two catalogues of the Technologies for Protecting the Ozone Layer: Catalogue for Aerosols, Sterilants, CTC and Miscellaneous Uses, and Catalogue: Specialized Solvent Uses.
The catalogues are designed to help Article 5 countries identify and select ozone-friendly technologies as well as formulate investment projects for financial support. They are intended for plant engineers, managers and decision makers in commercial businesses and retailers, and those responsible for identifying, evaluating and implementing alternative technologies, including National Ozone Units.
The catalogues address environment, health and safety issues, the performance and costs of the technologies and the availability of alternative equipment and chemicals. They also provide worldwide contacts for suppliers.
The series will further cover alternative technologies for other industrial use sectors.
| Aerosols, Sterilants, CTC and Miscellaneous Uses, Datasheets | |
|---|---|
| Aerosols | * Hydrocarbon Aerosol Propellants * Dimethyl Ether Aerosol Propellant * Compressed Gas Aerosol Propellant * HFC-152a and HFC-134a Propellants * HCFC-22 Aerosol Propellant * Pump Sprayers (Finger- and Trigger-Pump) * Dry Powder Inhalers * HCFC-141b Aerosol Solvent * Perchloroethylene Aerosol Solvent |
| Sterilants | * Ethylene Oxide/Carbon Dioxide Sterilants * 100% Ethylene Oxide Sterilants * Steam Sterilization * Formaldehyde Sterilization * Radiation Sterilization |
| Tobacco Expansion | * Carbon Dioxide |
| Carbon Tetrachloride | * Organic-Solvent Cleaning * Chlorinated-Solvent Cleaning |
| Specialized Solvent Uses Datasheets | |
| Aerosol-Mould Release Agents | * Non-Solvent Mould-Release Agents * HCFC-Based Mould-Release Agents * Water-Based Mould-Release Agents |
| Printed Circuit Board Freeze Sprays | * HFC-134a Sprays * Liquid Nitrogen Freeze Sprays |
| Aerosol Dusters | * HFC-134a and HFC-152a Sprays |
| Aerosol Cleaners and Flux Removers | * Terpene-based Aerosols * Alcohol-based Aerosols * Hydrocarbon-based Aerosols |
| Aerosol Fabric Protectants | * Petroleum Distillate-Based * Aerosol Water-Based * Non-aerosol Water-Based |
| Mill-Applied Fabric Protectants | * Non-Aerosol Water-Based |
| Film Cleaning | * Perchloroethylene Immersion System * Non-Immersion Cleaning System * Water-Based Spray Cleaning Systems |
| Windshield Sprays and Coatings | * Hydrophobic Coating |
| Fumigation | * Phosphine Gas * Controlled/Modified Atmosphere * Thermotherapy |
| Correction Fluids | * Petroleum Distillate Formulations * Water-Based Formulations |
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[See document source for chart.]
In order to satisfy basic domestic needs of Article 5 countries which benefit from a ten years grace period, the production in non-Article 5 Parties may exceed the limit of production indicated above up to:
Above limits will apply to non-Article 5 countries, save to the extent that Parties decide "the level of production and consumption necessary to satisfy the uses agreed to be essential."
Note: A number of national regulations have been established for the phase-out of controlled substances under different schedules.
See also HCFCs on page 5.
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The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR, France, fax: 33-1-47631796) organizes congresses and scientific and technical meetings where information is shared and disseminated on refrigeration and its applications. Many of these meetings deal with the replacement of CFCs used in refrigerants or in insulation foams.
IIR publishes a bulletin in French and English where readers can find 600 references with abstracts of articles, books, research activities, selected from 300 technical journals in 20 languages (also available on diskettes: Fridoc).
IIR also publishes technical books, and technical informatory notes. Proceedings of meetings, and publications are available from IIR.
Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace are actively collaborating with UNEP IE/PAC to publish a special supplement to the OzonAction newsletter on non-fluorocarbon alternatives to refrigerants.
The Centre for Science and Environment (India) and FoE International organized an informal consultation with research institutes and industry in India in relation to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
The European Parliament voted on 5 June to adopt a proposal establishing an earlier phase-out date for HCFCs by 31 December 2002. The final rule will be published by the end of 1994 after second reading. The Parliament also adopted a proposal to halt both production and consumption of methyl bromide in the EEC by the year 2000. It further asked its member states make a decision about the recovery of used gases by regulated professionals, including incitations such as deposits on returnable containers.
A regulation that entered into force on 1 January 1994 bans the venting of CFC refrigerants during the servicing of mobile air conditioners and refrigeration / AC plants containing over 50 kg.
The National Agency for Environment Protection, which became operational in April 1994, will control the implementation of the ODS regulations adopted by the Italian parliament in December 1993. The phase-out dates are 31 December 1994 for CFCs, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform, and 31 December 1999 for HCFCs and methyl bromide. The new regulations also cover labelling, recovery/recycling obligations, data reporting, and informative campaigns on ozone layer, alternative substances and products manufactured without ODS.
OzonAction, a quarterly publication, is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Spanish.
This publication was designed and produced by UNEP IE/PAC and Communication Environnement. Activities and programmes reported in this newsletter are provided for information and do not necessarily represent the policy of UNEP.
Please send comments as well any information for eventual publication to Mr. Rajendra Shende Coordinator, UNEP IE/PAC.
Printed on recycled paper by Imprimerie Rosay, Vincennes, France.
The country programme has been officially launched in April by President Fidel V. Ramos. Representatives of government agencies, through bilateral assistance of BITS Sweden and coordination of UNEP ODSONET-SEAP and SIDA, completed a study tour in Sweden.
The consumption of ODS in this country is approaching 0.4 kg per capita. The limit is set at 0.3 kg under the Montreal Protocol and Slovenia is thus categorized as a non-Article 5 Party.
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Last Updated: January 29, 1996